---
title: The London Underground opened in 1863 as the world's first undergrou… — Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers… · tree and pragmatics
description: The London Underground opened in 1863 as the world's first underground railway; horse-drawn buses had begun in Paris in 1828. Who acts: London Underground, horse drawn buses. A sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of the history course of Mova's pri
---

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# Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe, sentence 14

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The London Underground opened in 1863 as the world's first underground railway; horse-drawn buses had begun in Paris in 1828.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** London Underground, horse drawn buses · **What happens:** open, draw, begin · **To what, where:** 1863, Paris

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (London Underground, horse drawn buses), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:14
# text = The London Underground opened in 1863 as the world's first underground railway; horse-drawn buses had begun in Paris in 1828.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Underground	Underground	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	1863	1863	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod:poss	_	_
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	13	amod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord
12	underground	underground	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
15	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	_
17	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	amod	_	_
18	buses	bus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
19	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	begun	begin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Paris	Paris	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	1828	1828	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	obl	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | past | the London Underground |  |  | 1863 |  | as the world's first underground railway | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent in 1863=Location |
| 2 | **draw** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **begin** | past · perfect | horse drawn buses |  |  | Paris |  | in 1828 | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:14`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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