--- title: Only in 2007 did more than half of all people live in cities, so the… — Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers… · tree and pragmatics description: Only in 2007 did more than half of all people live in cities, so the city world is very new, and about 2 billion people still have no safe drinking water at home. Who acts: half, city world, billion people. A sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Cities: why they grow, and how water a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/) / 3 # Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe, sentence 3 Only in 2007 did more than half of all people live in cities, so the city world is very new, and about 2 billion people still have no safe drinking water at home. **Who acts:** half, city world, billion people · **What happens:** live, be, have · **To what, where:** 2007, safe drinking water, home This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (half, city world, billion people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:3 # text = Only in 2007 did more than half of all people live in cities, so the city world is very new, and about 2 billion people still have no safe drinking water at home. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Only only ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ _ 2 in in ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 3 2007 2007 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 11 obl _ _ 4 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux _ _ 5 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV 7 advmod _ _ 6 than than ADP IN _ 5 fixed _ _ 7 half half NOUN NN Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac 11 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:nsubj 8 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 10 det _ _ 10 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _ 11 live live VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=0:root|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 cities city NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 15 so so ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 17 city city NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 18 world world NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 19 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 cop _ _ 20 very very ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ _ 21 new new ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 parataxis _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 24 about about ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 25 2 2 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 26 compound _ _ 26 billion billion NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 27 nummod _ _ 27 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 nsubj _ _ 28 still still ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 29 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 30 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 33 det _ _ 31 safe safe ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 33 amod _ _ 32 drinking drinking NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=33:amod|HaikuPos=VERB:VBG:VerbForm=Ger 33 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obj _ _ 34 at at ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 35 home home NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=33:nmod 36 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **live** | past · do-support | half of all people | | | 2007 | | in cities | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 2007=Location | | 2 | **is** | present | the city world | | | | | new *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **have** | present | billion people | no safe drinking water | | home | still | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Cities: why they grow, and how water a…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/2/) - next →: [Cities: why they grow, and how water a…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/)