--- title: Cities of more than 10 million people are called megacities; there a… — Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every… · tree and pragmatics description: Cities of more than 10 million people are called megacities; there are now more than 30, most of them in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and Lagos and Kinshasa are among the fastest growing on Earth. Who acts: 30, most. A sentence of the lesson «Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age a --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/74-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Cities then and now: the biggest citie…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/74-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today/) / 2 # Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age and of today, sentence 2 Cities of more than 10 million people are called megacities; there are now more than 30, most of them in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and Lagos and Kinshasa are among the fastest growing on Earth. **Who acts:** 30, most · **What happens:** call, be, grow · **To what, where:** Cities, Earth · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age and of today» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (30, most), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson:2 # text = Cities of more than 10 million people are called megacities; there are now more than 30, most of them in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and Lagos and Kinshasa are among the fastest growing on Earth. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Cities city NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nsubj:pass _ _ 2 of of ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 3 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV 6 advmod _ _ 4 than than ADP IN _ 3 fixed _ _ 5 10 10 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 compound _ _ 6 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 7 nummod _ _ 7 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _ 8 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 aux:pass _ _ 9 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 10 megacities megacity NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 xcomp _ _ 11 ; ; PUNCT : _ 13 punct _ _ 12 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 13 expl _ _ 13 are be VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=9:conj 14 now now ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 15 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV 17 advmod _ _ 16 than than ADP IN _ 15 fixed _ _ 17 30 30 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 13 nsubj _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 19 most most ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 37 nsubj _ _ 20 of of ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nmod _ _ 22 in in ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 Asia Asia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 nmod _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 25 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 28 cc _ _ 27 Latin Latin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 28 compound _ _ 28 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 31 Lagos Lagos PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 33 Kinshasa Kinshasa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 conj _ _ 34 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 cop _ _ 35 among among ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 36 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 fastest fast ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 9 xcomp _ _ 38 growing grow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 37 acl _ _ 39 on on ADP IN _ 40 case _ _ 40 Earth Earth PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 obl _ _ 41 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **call** *speech: assert* | present · passive | | Cities of million people | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | | 2 | **be** | present | 30 | | | there | now | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **is** | present | most of megacities in Asia and Africa and Latin America and Lagos and Kinshasa | | | | | fast *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **grow** | gerund | | | | Earth | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on earth=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Cities then and now: the biggest citie…, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/74-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today/1/) - next →: [Cities then and now: the biggest citie…, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/74-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/74-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today/)