---
title: The past had big cities that outsiders forgot: Cahokia, by the Missi… — Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every… · tree and pragmatics
description: The past had big cities that outsiders forgot: Cahokia, by the Mississippi, was about as big as London around 1100, and Angkor in Cambodia was never really «lost», since monks and local people kept using its great temple. Who acts: past, outsiders, monks. A sentence of the lesson «Cities then and no
---

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# Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age and of today, sentence 3

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The past had big cities that outsiders forgot: Cahokia, by the Mississippi, was about as big as London around 1100, and Angkor in Cambodia was never really «lost», since monks and local people kept using its great temple.

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**Who acts:** past, outsiders, monks · **What happens:** have, forget, be, not lose, keep, use · **To what, where:** big cities, Angkor, great temple · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities then and now: the biggest cities of every age and of today» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (past, outsiders, monks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:history:074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson:3
# text = The past had big cities that outsiders forgot: Cahokia, by the Mississippi, was about as big as London around 1100, and Angkor in Cambodia was never really «lost», since monks and local people kept using its great temple.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = history
# lesson = 074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obj	_	_
7	outsiders	outsider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	forgot	forget	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
10	Cahokia	Cahokia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	Mississippi	Mississippi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
17	about	about	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
18	as	as	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
22	around	around	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	1100	1100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nmod	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	Angkor	Angkor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Cambodia	Cambodia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux:pass	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=33:cop
30	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
31	really	really	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
32	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	33	punct	_	_
33	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	acl:relcl	_	_
34	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	33	punct	_	_
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
36	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	41	mark	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=41:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_
37	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	nsubj	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
39	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	conj	_	_
41	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	advcl	_	_
42	using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	41	xcomp	_	_
43	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	45	nmod:poss	_	_
44	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	amod	_	_
45	temple	temple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	_
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the past | big cities |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient |
| 2 | **forget** | past | outsiders | big cities |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | outsiders *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as London; about, big *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **lose** *in a quote* | past · passive |  | Angkor in Cambodia *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V» |
| 5 | **keep** | past | monks and local people |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **use** | gerund | monks and local people *not said here* | city's great temple |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent temple=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:074-the-biggest-cities-of-every-age-and-of-today.lesson:3`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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