--- title: By 1914 almost all of Africa was ruled by European countries; Ethiop… — When civilizations meet: conquest, colonies and… · tree and pragmatics description: By 1914 almost all of Africa was ruled by European countries; Ethiopia defeated an Italian army at Adwa in 1896 and stayed independent, as did Liberia, though Italy occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. Who acts: European countries, Ethiopia, Italy. A sentence of the lesson «When civilizations meet: --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/76-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [When civilizations meet: conquest, col…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/76-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides/) / 7 # When civilizations meet: conquest, colonies and freedom, seen from both sides, sentence 7 By 1914 almost all of Africa was ruled by European countries; Ethiopia defeated an Italian army at Adwa in 1896 and stayed independent, as did Liberia, though Italy occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. **Who acts:** European countries, Ethiopia, Italy · **What happens:** rule, defeat, stay, do, occupy · **To what, where:** all, Italian army, Adwa, Liberia, Ethiopia, 1936 This is a sentence of the lesson «When civilizations meet: conquest, colonies and freedom, seen from both sides» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (European countries, Ethiopia, Italy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:076-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides.lesson:7 # text = By 1914 almost all of Africa was ruled by European countries; Ethiopia defeated an Italian army at Adwa in 1896 and stayed independent, as did Liberia, though Italy occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 076-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 By by ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 1914 1914 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 8 obl _ _ 3 almost almost ADV RB _ 4 advmod _ _ 4 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 8 nsubj:pass _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=8:nsubj:pass|HaikuPos=PRON:DT:PronType=Tot 5 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _ 7 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux:pass _ _ 8 ruled rule VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 14 parataxis _ _ 9 by by ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 10 European European ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 countries country NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obl _ _ 12 ; ; PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 13 Ethiopia Ethiopia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ _ 14 defeated defeat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 15 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 Italian Italian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 army army NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 obj _ _ 18 at at ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 Adwa Adwa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:nmod 20 in in ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 1896 1896 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 14 obl _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 23 stayed stay VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 14 conj _ _ 24 independent independent ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 xcomp _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 26 as as SCONJ IN _ 27 mark _ _ 27 did do VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 parataxis _ _ 28 Liberia Liberia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 obj _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 30 though though SCONJ IN _ 32 mark _ _ 31 Italy Italy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ _ 32 occupied occupy VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=27:advcl 33 Ethiopia Ethiopia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 obj _ _ 34 from from ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 35 1936 1936 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 32 obl _ _ 36 to to ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 37 1941 1941 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 35 nmod _ _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=14:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **rule** | past · passive | European countries | all | | | | by 1914 | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | | 2 | **defeat** | past | Ethiopia | a Italian army | | Adwa | | in 1896 | tree rules | | 3 | **stay** | past | Ethiopia *not said here* | | | | | independent *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **do** | past | | Liberia | | | | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent liberia=Eventuality | | 5 | **occupy** | past | Italy | Ethiopia | | 1936 to 1941 | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus ethiopia=Experiencer | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:076-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [When civilizations meet: conquest, col…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/76-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides/6/) - next →: [When civilizations meet: conquest, col…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/76-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/76-when-civilizations-meet-seen-from-both-sides/)