--- title: About 7,000 languages are spoken today, and around 4 in 10 are endan… — What was lost and what was gained: languages, fo… · tree and pragmatics description: About 7,000 languages are spoken today, and around 4 in 10 are endangered; Māori language nests, kōhanga reo, began in 1982, and Hebrew was revived as an everyday language around 1900. Who acts: 4, Māori language nests. A sentence of the lesson «What was lost and what was gained: languages, foods, m --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/77-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [What was lost and what was gained: lan…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/77-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained/) / 5 # What was lost and what was gained: languages, foods, music and knowledge, sentence 5 About 7,000 languages are spoken today, and around 4 in 10 are endangered; Māori language nests, kōhanga reo, began in 1982, and Hebrew was revived as an everyday language around 1900. **Who acts:** 4, Māori language nests · **What happens:** speak, be, begin, revive · **To what, where:** 7,000 languages, 1982, Hebrew, 1900 · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «What was lost and what was gained: languages, foods, music and knowledge» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (4, Māori language nests), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:077-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained.lesson:5 # text = About 7,000 languages are spoken today, and around 4 in 10 are endangered; Māori language nests, kōhanga reo, began in 1982, and Hebrew was revived as an everyday language around 1900. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 077-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2 1 About about ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 2 7,000 7000 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 3 nummod _ _ 3 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass _ _ 4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass _ _ 5 spoken speak VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 6 today today NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl:unmarked _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 9 around around ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ _ 10 4 4 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 14 nsubj _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 10 10 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 nmod _ _ 13 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 cop _ _ 14 endangered endangered ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 conj _ _ 15 ; ; PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 16 Māori Māori ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=18:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 17 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 18 nests nest NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 20 kōhanga kōhanga X FW _ 21 compound _ _ 21 reo reo NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 appos _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=18:conj 22 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 23 began begin VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 14 conj _ _ 24 in in ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 1982 1982 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 23 obl _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 27 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 28 Hebrew Hebrew PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nsubj:pass _ _ 29 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 30 aux:pass _ _ 30 revived revive VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 conj _ _ 31 as as ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 32 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 33 everyday everyday ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obl _ _ 35 around around ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 36 1900 1900 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 30 obl _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive | | 7,000 languages | | | today | | tree rules | | 2 | **is** | present | 4 in 10 | | | | | endangered *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **begin** | past | Māori language nests | | | 1982 | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 4 | **revive** | past · passive | | Hebrew | | 1900 | | as a everyday language | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:077-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained.lesson:5`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [What was lost and what was gained: lan…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/77-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained/4/) - next →: [What was lost and what was gained: lan…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/77-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained/6/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/77-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained/)