--- title: The digits 0 to 9 that we use were invented in India and passed on b… — Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers · tree and pragmatics description: The digits 0 to 9 that we use were invented in India and passed on by Arab scholars to Europe; they are often called Arabic numerals, but they began in India. Who acts: we, digits. A sentence of the lesson «Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers» of the history course of Mova's primary school w --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our nu…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/) / 12 # Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers, sentence 12 The digits 0 to 9 that we use were invented in India and passed on by Arab scholars to Europe; they are often called Arabic numerals, but they began in India. **Who acts:** we, digits · **What happens:** use, invent, pass on, call, begin · **To what, where:** digits, India, Europe · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, digits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:008-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers.lesson:12 # text = The digits 0 to 9 that we use were invented in India and passed on by Arab scholars to Europe; they are often called Arabic numerals, but they began in India. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 008-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 digits digit NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 0 0 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 2 flat _ _ 4 to to ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 9 9 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 3 nmod _ _ 6 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 8 obj _ _ 7 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj _ _ 8 use use VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 acl:relcl _ _ 9 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 aux:pass _ _ 10 invented invent VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 India India PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 passed pass VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 conj _ _ 15 on on ADP RP _ 14 compound:prt _ _ 16 by by ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 Arab Arab ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 18 scholars scholar NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 obl _ _ 19 to to ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 obl _ _ 21 ; ; PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 22 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nsubj:pass _ _ 23 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 aux:pass _ _ 24 often often ADV RB _ 25 advmod _ _ 25 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=10:conj 26 Arabic Arabic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 compound _ _ 27 numerals numeral NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=25:obj 28 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 29 but but CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 30 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 nsubj _ _ 31 began begin VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 25 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:conj 32 in in ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 India India PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 obl _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **use** | present | we | the digits | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient | | 2 | **invent** | past · passive | | the digits | | India | | | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result | | 3 | **pass on** | participle | | | Europe | | | by Arab scholars | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to europe=Destination | | 4 | **call** | present · passive | | digits *= digit* | | | | often *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | | 5 | **begin** | past | digits *= digit* | | | India | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:008-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our nu…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/11/) - next →: [Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our nu…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/)