--- title: People painted animals on cave walls more than 40,000 years ago, but… — How writing began: from tally marks and pictures… · tree and pragmatics description: People painted animals on cave walls more than 40,000 years ago, but pictures alone are not writing, because they do not show the exact words. Who acts: People, peoples. A sentence of the lesson «How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet» of the history course of Mova's primar --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) / [How writing began: from tally marks an…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/) / 7 # How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet, sentence 7 People painted animals on cave walls more than 40,000 years ago, but pictures alone are not writing, because they do not show the exact words. **Who acts:** People, peoples · **What happens:** paint, not write, not show · **To what, where:** animals, cave walls, exact words This is a sentence of the lesson «How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, peoples), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:history:082-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet.lesson:7 # text = People painted animals on cave walls more than 40,000 years ago, but pictures alone are not writing, because they do not show the exact words. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = history # lesson = 082-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 People people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 painted paint VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:acl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:nsubj 4 on on ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 cave cave NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 6 walls wall NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:nmod 7 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV 9 advmod _ _ 8 than than ADP IN _ 7 fixed _ _ 9 40,000 40000 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 nummod _ _ 10 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl:unmarked _ _ 11 ago ago ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:advmod 12 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 13 but but CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 pictures picture NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 conj _ _ 15 alone alone ADV RB _ 14 advmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=14:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 16 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux _ _ 17 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 18 advmod _ _ 18 writing write VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 2 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=0:root 19 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 20 because because SCONJ IN _ 24 mark _ _ 21 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 nsubj _ _ 22 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 aux _ _ 23 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 24 advmod _ _ 24 show show VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 18 advcl _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 26 exact exact ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obj _ _ 28 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=18:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **paint** | past | People | animals but pictures | | cave walls | | ago *property* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent animal=Theme on wall=Destination | | 2 | **not** **write** | present · progressive | People *not said here* | | | | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **not** **show** | present · do-support | peoples *= people* | the exact words | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent word=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:history:082-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How writing began: from tally marks an…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/6/) - next →: [How writing began: from tally marks an…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/)