--- title: Experts estimate there are about 7,000 languages in the world; the n… — What language is: sounds, words and rules everyo… · tree and pragmatics description: Experts estimate there are about 7,000 languages in the world; the number is not exact, because it is hard to say where one language ends and another begins. Who acts: Experts, 7,000 languages, number, one language. A sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [What language is: sounds, words and ru…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/) / 12 # What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares, sentence 12 Experts estimate there are about 7,000 languages in the world; the number is not exact, because it is hard to say where one language ends and another begins. **Who acts:** Experts, 7,000 languages, number, one language, another · **What happens:** estimate, be about, not be, be, say, end · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Experts, 7,000 languages, number, one language), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:12 # text = Experts estimate there are about 7,000 languages in the world; the number is not exact, because it is hard to say where one language ends and another begins. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Experts expert NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 estimate estimate VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 4 expl _ _ 4 are be VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 ccomp _ _ 5 about about ADV RB _ 6 advmod _ _ 6 7,000 7000 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 7 nummod _ _ 7 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 8 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 world world NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nmod _ _ 11 ; ; PUNCT : _ 16 punct _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 number number NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ _ 14 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 cop _ _ 15 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 16 advmod _ _ 16 exact exact ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 17 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 18 because because SCONJ IN _ 21 mark _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 expl _ _ 20 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 cop _ _ 21 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 16 advcl _ _ 22 to to PART TO _ 23 mark _ _ 23 say say VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 21 csubj _ _ 24 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 27 advmod _ _ 25 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 26 nummod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=27:nummod 26 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=27:compound 27 ends end VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 ccomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=23:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 28 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 29 another another DET DT PronType=Ind 30 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:nsubj|HaikuPos=PRON:DT:PronType=Ind 30 begins begin VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 27 conj _ _ 31 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **estimate** | present | Experts | | | | | | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Value | | 2 | **be about** | present | 7,000 languages in the world | | | there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **not** **is** | present | the number | | | | | exact *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **is** | present | the number *not said here* | | | | | hard *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 6 | **end** | present | one language | | | | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 7 | **begin** | present | another | | | | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [What language is: sounds, words and ru…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/11/) - next →: [What language is: sounds, words and ru…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/)