--- title: Every language has grammar, the rules for fitting words together; "T… — What language is: sounds, words and rules everyo… · tree and pragmatics description: Every language has grammar, the rules for fitting words together; "The dog ate the bone" makes sense, "Dog the bone the ate" makes people laugh, and the speakers follow these rules without even thinking. Who acts: language, rules, dog, bone. A sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [What language is: sounds, words and ru…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/) / 3 # What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares, sentence 3 Every language has grammar, the rules for fitting words together; "The dog ate the bone" makes sense, "Dog the bone the ate" makes people laugh, and the speakers follow these rules without even thinking. **Who acts:** language, rules, dog, bone, ate, people · **What happens:** have, fit, eat, make, dog, laugh · **To what, where:** grammar, words, bone, sense, rules · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (language, rules, dog, bone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:3 # text = Every language has grammar, the rules for fitting words together; "The dog ate the bone" makes sense, "Dog the bone the ate" makes people laugh, and the speakers follow these rules without even thinking. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Every every DET DT PronType=Tot 2 det _ _ 2 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 grammar grammar NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obj _ _ 5 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 rules rule NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 conj _ _ 8 for for SCONJ IN _ 9 mark _ _ 9 fitting fit VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 7 acl _ _ 10 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obj _ _ 11 together together ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 12 ; ; PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 13 " " PUNCT `` _ 16 punct _ _ 14 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 dog dog NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ _ 16 ate eat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 bone bone NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obj _ _ 19 " " PUNCT `` _ 20 punct _ _ 20 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 acl:relcl _ _ 21 sense sense NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 23 " " PUNCT `` _ 24 punct _ _ 24 Dog dog VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 20 conj _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 bone bone NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obj _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 ate ate NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obj _ _ 29 " " PUNCT '' _ 30 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 30 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 acl:relcl _ _ 31 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nsubj _ _ 32 laugh laugh VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 30 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=30:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 33 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 speakers speaker NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 nsubj _ _ 37 follow follow VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 conj _ _ 38 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 39 det _ _ 39 rules rule NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 obj _ _ 40 without without SCONJ IN _ 42 mark _ _ 41 even even ADV RB _ 42 advmod _ _ 42 thinking think VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 37 advcl _ _ 43 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | every language | grammar and the rules | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grammar=Patient | | 2 | **fit** | gerund | the rules *not said here* | words | | | | together *property* | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient | | 3 | **eat** *in a quote* | past | the dog | the bone | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient | | 4 | **make** | present | the bone *not said here* | sense | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sense=Product | | 5 | **dog** *in a quote* | infinitive | the bone *not said here* | the bone | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **make** | present | the ate *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 7 | **laugh** | infinitive | people | | | | | | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **follow** | present | the speakers | this rules | | | | | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Theme | | 9 | **think** *speech: other* | gerund | the speakers *not said here* | | | | | | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:001-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [What language is: sounds, words and ru…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/2/) - next →: [What language is: sounds, words and ru…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/)