--- title: Debt came from French "dette"; scholars added a b to show its Latin… — Silent letters and the mystery of -ough · tree and pragmatics description: Debt came from French "dette"; scholars added a b to show its Latin family (debitum), and doubt got its b the same way; the b was never spoken in English. Who acts: Debt, scholars, doubt. A sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary scho --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Silent letters and the mystery of -ough](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/) / 9 # Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, sentence 9 Debt came from French "dette"; scholars added a b to show its Latin family (debitum), and doubt got its b the same way; the b was never spoken in English. **Who acts:** Debt, scholars, doubt · **What happens:** come, add, show, get, not speak · **To what, where:** French dette, b, Latin family, English · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters and the mystery of -ough» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Debt, scholars, doubt), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:9 # text = Debt came from French "dette"; scholars added a b to show its Latin family (debitum), and doubt got its b the same way; the b was never spoken in English. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×4 1 Debt debt NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 from from ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 4 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:obl|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 5 " " PUNCT `` _ 6 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=4:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 6 dette dette NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 7 " " PUNCT '' _ 6 punct _ _ 8 ; ; PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 9 scholars scholar NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ _ 10 added add VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 11 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 b b NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 13 to to PART TO _ 14 mark _ _ 14 show show VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 10 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=10:xcomp 15 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ _ 16 Latin Latin ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 17 family family NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 obj _ _ 18 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 19 punct _ _ 19 debitum debitum NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ _ 20 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 19 punct _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 23 doubt doubt NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 nsubj _ _ 24 got get VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:conj 25 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 26 nmod:poss _ _ 26 b b NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obj _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 28 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod _ _ 29 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 30 ; ; PUNCT : _ 35 punct _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 b b NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 nsubj:pass _ _ 33 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 35 aux:pass _ _ 34 never never ADV RB PronType=Neg 35 advmod _ _ 35 spoken speak VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 24 conj _ _ 36 in in ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 37 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed voice=narrator | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | Debt | French dette | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | past | scholars | a b | | | | | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent b=Patient | | 3 | **show** | to-infinitive | scholars *not said here* | b's Latin family | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent family=Recipient | | 4 | **get** | past | doubt | doubt's b | | | | the same way *obl* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer b=Stimulus | | 5 | **not** **speak** *speech: other* | past · passive | | the b | | English | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:013-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×4. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/8/) - next →: [Silent letters and the mystery of -ough, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/13-silent-letters-and-the-mystery-of-ough/)