--- title: Some Englishes have grown into rich systems of their own: Indian Eng… — Accents and dialects around the world · tree and pragmatics description: Some Englishes have grown into rich systems of their own: Indian English gives us "prepone" (move earlier, the opposite of postpone), Singapore's Singlish says "Can or not?" and "Can lah!", and Jamaican Patois grew from English mixed with West African languages. Who acts: Englishes, Indian English, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/19-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Accents and dialects around the world](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/19-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world/) / 2 # Accents and dialects around the world, sentence 2 Some Englishes have grown into rich systems of their own: Indian English gives us "prepone" (move earlier, the opposite of postpone), Singapore's Singlish says "Can or not?" and "Can lah!", and Jamaican Patois grew from English mixed with West African languages. **Who acts:** Englishes, Indian English, Singlish, Jamaican Patois, lah · **What happens:** grow, give, move, say, mix · **To what, where:** rich systems, prepone, us, opposite · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Accents and dialects around the world» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Englishes, Indian English, Singlish, Jamaican Patois), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:019-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world.lesson:2 # text = Some Englishes have grown into rich systems of their own: Indian English gives us "prepone" (move earlier, the opposite of postpone), Singapore's Singlish says "Can or not?" and "Can lah!", and Jamaican Patois grew from English mixed with West African languages. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 019-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Some some DET DT PronType=Ind 2 det _ _ 2 Englishes english NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 3 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _ 4 grown grow VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _ 5 into into ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 rich rich ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 systems system NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ _ 10 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 nmod _ _ 11 : : PUNCT : _ 14 punct _ _ 12 Indian Indian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ _ 14 gives give VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:parataxis 15 us we PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 14 iobj _ _ 16 " " PUNCT `` _ 17 punct _ _ 17 prepone prepone NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 obj _ _ 18 " " PUNCT '' _ 17 punct _ _ 19 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 20 punct _ _ 20 move move VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 14 parataxis _ _ 21 earlier early ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 20 advmod _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 opposite opposite NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 25 of of ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 26 postpone postpone NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 nmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=24:nmod|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 27 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 26 punct _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=26:punct 29 Singapore Singapore PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 nmod:poss _ _ 30 's 's PART POS _ 29 case _ _ 31 Singlish Singlish PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ _ 32 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 acl:relcl _ _ 33 " " PUNCT `` _ 34 punct _ _ 34 Can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 32 ccomp _ _ 35 or or CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 36 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 34 conj _ _ 37 ? ? PUNCT . _ 34 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=12:punct 38 " " PUNCT '' _ 34 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=12:punct 39 and and CCONJ CC _ 52 cc _ _ 40 " " PUNCT `` _ 42 punct _ _ 41 Can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 42 aux _ _ 42 lah lah NOUN NN Number=Sing 52 nsubj _ _ 43 ! ! PUNCT . _ 42 punct _ _ 44 " " PUNCT '' _ 42 punct _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 46 and and CCONJ CC _ 49 cc _ _ 47 Jamaican Jamaican ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 48 amod _ _ 48 Patois Patois PROPN NNP Number=Sing 49 nsubj _ _ 49 grew grow VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 42 conj _ _ 50 from from ADP IN _ 51 case _ _ 51 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 49 obl _ _ 52 mixed mix VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 53 with with ADP IN _ 56 case _ _ 54 West West PROPN NNP Number=Sing 56 compound _ _ 55 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 56 amod _ _ 56 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 52 obl _ _ 57 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **grow** | present · perfect | some Englishes | | | | | into rich systems of systems's own *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into system=Result | | 2 | **give** | present | Indian English | prepone | us | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient prepone=Theme | | 3 | **move** | infinitive | | the opposite of postpone | | | | early *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Singapore's Singlish | the opposite of postpone *not said here* | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent opposite=Topic | | 5 | **grow** | past | Jamaican Patois | | | | | from English | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP V NP.product PP.patient»: agent=Agent from english=Patient | | 6 | **mix** | past | lah | | | | | with West African languages | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient with language=Co-Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:019-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Accents and dialects around the world, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/19-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world/1/) - next →: [Accents and dialects around the world, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/19-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/19-accents-and-dialects-around-the-world/)