--- title: "Ask" and "aks" both come from Old English, which had both forms; Ch… — Is there one proper English? The big arguments · tree and pragmatics description: "Ask" and "aks" both come from Old English, which had both forms; Chaucer wrote "axe" for ask in the 1300s; standard English chose "ask", and "aks" lives on in some dialects. Who acts: you, Old English, Chaucer, standard English. A sentence of the lesson «Is there one proper English? The big argumen --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/20-is-there-one-proper-english/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Is there one proper English? The big a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/20-is-there-one-proper-english/) / 14 # Is there one proper English? The big arguments, sentence 14 "Ask" and "aks" both come from Old English, which had both forms; Chaucer wrote "axe" for ask in the 1300s; standard English chose "ask", and "aks" lives on in some dialects. **Who acts:** you, Old English, Chaucer, standard English, aks · **What happens:** ask, come, have, write, choose, live on · **To what, where:** Old English, forms, axe, 1300s, ask, dialects This is a sentence of the lesson «Is there one proper English? The big arguments» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, Old English, Chaucer, standard English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:020-is-there-one-proper-english.lesson:14 # text = "Ask" and "aks" both come from Old English, which had both forms; Chaucer wrote "axe" for ask in the 1300s; standard English chose "ask", and "aks" lives on in some dialects. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 020-is-there-one-proper-english.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3 1 " " PUNCT `` _ 2 punct _ _ 2 Ask ask VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 " " PUNCT '' _ 2 punct _ _ 4 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 5 " " PUNCT `` _ 6 punct _ _ 6 aks ak NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=9:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 7 " " PUNCT '' _ 6 punct _ _ 8 both both CCONJ CC _ 9 cc:preconj _ _ 9 come come VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 10 from from ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 Old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _ 12 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 14 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 15 nsubj _ _ 15 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 acl:relcl _ _ 16 both both DET DT PronType=Tot 17 det _ _ 17 forms form NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 18 ; ; PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 Chaucer chaucer PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=20:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 20 wrote write VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:parataxis 21 " " PUNCT `` _ 22 punct _ _ 22 axe axe NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obj _ _ 23 " " PUNCT '' _ 22 punct _ _ 24 for for ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 ask ask NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 26 in in ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 1300s 1300 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 20 obl _ _ 29 ; ; PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 30 standard standard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=32:amod 31 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=32:compound 32 chose choose VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 conj _ _ 33 " " PUNCT `` _ 34 punct _ _ 34 ask ask NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 obj _ _ 35 " " PUNCT '' _ 34 punct _ _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 37 and and CCONJ CC _ 41 cc _ _ 38 " " PUNCT `` _ 39 punct _ _ 39 aks ak NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=41:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 40 " " PUNCT '' _ 39 punct _ _ 41 lives live VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 conj _ _ 42 on on ADP RP _ 41 compound:prt _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=41:compound:prt|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_ 43 in in ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 44 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 45 det _ _ 45 dialects dialect NOUN NNS Number=Plur 41 obl _ _ 46 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=2:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* *in a quote* | imperative | you *not said here* | | | | | | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **come** | present | you *not said here* | | | Old English | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from english=Initial\_Location | | 3 | **have** | past | Old English | both forms | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Patient | | 4 | **write** | past | Chaucer | axe | | the 1300s | | for ask | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent axe=Theme in 1300=Destination | | 5 | **choose** | past | standard English | ask | | | | | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ask=Theme | | 6 | **live on** | present | aks | | | some dialects | | | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dialect=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:020-is-there-one-proper-english.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Is there one proper English? The big a…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/20-is-there-one-proper-english/13/) - next →: [Is there one proper English? The big a…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/20-is-there-one-proper-english/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/20-is-there-one-proper-english/)