--- title: English was not always in England: about 1,500 years ago Angles, Sax… — Where English came from · tree and pragmatics description: English was not always in England: about 1,500 years ago Angles, Saxons and Jutes sailed over the North Sea from what is now Denmark, northern Germany and the Netherlands, and their speech became Old English. Who acts: English, Angles, speech. A sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Where English came from](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/) / 0 # Where English came from, sentence 0 English was not always in England: about 1,500 years ago Angles, Saxons and Jutes sailed over the North Sea from what is now Denmark, northern Germany and the Netherlands, and their speech became Old English. **Who acts:** English, Angles, speech · **What happens:** not be, sail, be, become, speak · **To what, where:** England, North Sea, Denmark · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, Angles, speech), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:0 # text = English was not always in England: about 1,500 years ago Angles, Saxons and Jutes sailed over the North Sea from what is now Denmark, northern Germany and the Netherlands, and their speech became Old English. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 022-where-english-came-from.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×3, R5-strong ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 2 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 3 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 6 advmod _ _ 4 always always ADV RB _ 6 advmod _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 England England PROPN NNP Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 7 : : PUNCT : _ 6 punct _ _ 8 about about ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 9 1,500 1,500 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 nummod _ _ 10 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl:unmarked _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:obl:unmarked 11 ago ago ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:advmod 12 Angles angle PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 17 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 13 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 14 Saxons Saxon PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 12 conj _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=12:cc 16 Jutes jute PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 12 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=12:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 17 sailed sail VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 18 over over ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 compound _ _ 21 Sea Sea PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 obl _ _ 22 from from ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 what what PRON WP PronType=Int 17 obl _ _ 24 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 cop _ _ 25 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 26 advmod _ _ 26 Denmark Denmark PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 28 northern northern ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod _ _ 29 Germany Germany PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 conj _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=26:cc 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 Netherlands Netherlands PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 conj _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=6:cc 35 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 36 nmod:poss _ _ 36 speech speech NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 nsubj _ _ 37 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:conj 38 Old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 39 amod _ _ 39 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 xcomp _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **is** | past | English | | | England | | always *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **sail** | past | Angles and Saxons and Jutes | | | the North Sea | | from England; ago *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over sea=Trajectory | | 3 | **is a** | present | Angles and Saxons and Jutes *not said here* | Denmark and northern Germany and the Netherlands | | | now | | tree rules | | 4 | **become** | past | Angles's speech | | | | | | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **speak** | | Angles *= angle* | | | | | | nom speech «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×3, R5-strong ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [British and American words, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/21-british-and-american-words/16/) - next →: [Where English came from, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/)