--- title: Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers (people who learned it… — Where English came from · tree and pragmatics description: Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers (people who learned it from birth); English has the most speakers in total if you count people who learned it later, about 1.5 billion by many estimates. Who acts: Mandarin Chinese, people, English, you. A sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Where English came from](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/) / 18 # Where English came from, sentence 18 Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers (people who learned it from birth); English has the most speakers in total if you count people who learned it later, about 1.5 billion by many estimates. **Who acts:** Mandarin Chinese, people, English, you · **What happens:** have, learn, count · **To what, where:** native speakers, many, birth, most speakers, total, people This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mandarin Chinese, people, English, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:18 # text = Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers (people who learned it from birth); English has the most speakers in total if you count people who learned it later, about 1.5 billion by many estimates. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 022-where-english-came-from.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3 1 Mandarin Mandarin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 Chinese Chinese PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 5 most most ADV RBS Degree=Sup 6 advmod _ _ 6 native native ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 speakers speaker NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 8 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 9 punct _ _ 9 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 appos _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:conj 10 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 11 nsubj _ _ 11 learned learn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 acl:relcl _ _ 12 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 obj _ _ 13 from from ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 birth birth NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obl _ _ 15 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 11 punct _ _ 16 ; ; PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 17 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ _ 18 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 most most ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 21 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=21:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RBS:Degree=Sup 21 speakers speaker NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 obj _ _ 22 in in ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 total total ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 nmod _ _ 24 if if SCONJ IN _ 26 mark _ _ 25 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 26 nsubj _ _ 26 count count VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 advcl _ _ 27 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obj _ _ 28 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 29 nsubj _ _ 29 learned learn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 27 acl:relcl _ _ 30 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 obj _ _ 31 later late ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 29 advmod _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 33 about about ADV RB _ 35 advmod _ _ 34 1.5 1.5 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 35 compound _ _ 35 billion billion NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 29 obl:unmarked _ _ 36 by by ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 38 estimates estimate NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obl _ _ 39 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Mandarin Chinese | the native speakers | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent speaker=Patient | | 2 | **learn** | past | people | many | | birth | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent it=Topic from birth=Source | | 3 | **have** | present | English | the most speakers | | total | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent speaker=Patient | | 4 | **count** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you | people | | | | | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme | | 5 | **learn** | past | people | many | | | | by many estimates; 1.5 billion *obl:unmarked*; late *property* | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:18`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Where English came from, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/17/) - next →: [Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/)