--- title: English is a Germanic language, a cousin of German, Dutch and Frisia… — Where English came from · tree and pragmatics description: English is a Germanic language, a cousin of German, Dutch and Frisian: house is "Haus" in German and "huis" in Dutch, and water is "Wasser" and "water". Who acts: English, house, water. A sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school with its depend --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Where English came from](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/) / 9 # Where English came from, sentence 9 English is a Germanic language, a cousin of German, Dutch and Frisian: house is "Haus" in German and "huis" in Dutch, and water is "Wasser" and "water". **Who acts:** English, house, water · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** Germanic language, Haus, German, Wasser · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, house, water), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:9 # text = English is a Germanic language, a cousin of German, Dutch and Frisian: house is "Haus" in German and "huis" in Dutch, and water is "Wasser" and "water". # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 022-where-english-came-from.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×4 1 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 2 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 3 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 4 Germanic germanic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 5 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 cousin cousin NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 appos _ _ 9 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 German German PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 Dutch Dutch PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 Frisian Frisian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 15 : : PUNCT : _ 19 punct _ _ 16 house house NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=19:compound 17 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 cop _ _ 18 " " PUNCT `` _ 19 punct _ _ 19 Haus Haus PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:appos 20 " " PUNCT '' _ 19 punct _ _ 21 in in ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 German German PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 nmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:nmod 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 24 " " PUNCT `` _ 25 punct _ _ 25 huis huis NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:conj 26 " " PUNCT '' _ 25 punct _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 28 Dutch Dutch PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 31 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=34:compound 32 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 cop _ _ 33 " " PUNCT `` _ 34 punct _ _ 34 Wasser Wasser PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 appos _ _ 35 " " PUNCT '' _ 34 punct _ _ 36 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 37 " " PUNCT `` _ 38 punct _ _ 38 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:conj 39 " " PUNCT '' _ 38 punct _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | English | a Germanic language | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | house | Haus and huis in Dutch | | German | | | tree rules | | 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | water | Wasser and water | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×4. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Where English came from, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/8/) - next →: [Where English came from, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/)