--- title: At dinner Mum says "We're having beef tonight", not "cow tonight"; a… — Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin · tree and pragmatics description: At dinner Mum says "We're having beef tonight", not "cow tonight"; after 1066 French-speaking lords ate the meat while English-speaking farmers looked after the animals, so the animal kept its English name and the meat got a French one. Who acts: Mum, We, French speaking lords, speaking farmers. A s --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/) / 1 # Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, sentence 1 At dinner Mum says "We're having beef tonight", not "cow tonight"; after 1066 French-speaking lords ate the meat while English-speaking farmers looked after the animals, so the animal kept its English name and the meat got a French one. **Who acts:** Mum, We, French speaking lords, speaking farmers, animal, meat · **What happens:** say, have, speak, eat, look, keep · **To what, where:** dinner, beef, meat, English name, French one · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mum, We, French speaking lords, speaking farmers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:1 # text = At dinner Mum says "We're having beef tonight", not "cow tonight"; after 1066 French-speaking lords ate the meat while English-speaking farmers looked after the animals, so the animal kept its English name and the meat got a French one. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 At at ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 dinner dinner NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:compound 3 Mum mum NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:obl 4 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 " " PUNCT `` _ 8 punct _ _ 6 We we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj _ _ 7 're be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _ 8 having have VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 4 ccomp _ _ 9 beef beef NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obj _ _ 10 tonight tonight NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obl:unmarked _ _ 11 " " PUNCT '' _ 8 punct _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 13 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 16 advmod _ _ 14 " " PUNCT `` _ 15 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 15 cow cow NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 compound _ _ 16 tonight tonight NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 parataxis _ _ 17 " " PUNCT '' _ 16 punct _ _ 18 ; ; PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 after after ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 1066 1066 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 25 obl _ _ 21 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 24 compound _ _ 22 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 21 punct _ _ 23 speaking speak VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 24 amod _ _ 24 lords lord NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 nsubj _ _ 25 ate eat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:advcl 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 meat meat NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obj _ _ 28 while while SCONJ IN _ 33 mark _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=29:mark 29 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 compound _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=25:obl 30 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 31 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=31:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:,:_ 31 speaking speak VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 32 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=33:advcl 32 farmers farmer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=31:obj 33 looked look VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 25 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=25:conj 34 after after ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obl _ _ 37 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 38 so so ADV RB _ 41 advmod _ _ 39 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 40 det _ _ 40 animal animal NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 nsubj _ _ 41 kept keep VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 33 parataxis _ _ 42 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 44 nmod:poss _ _ 43 English English ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 44 amod _ _ 44 name name NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obj _ _ 45 and and CCONJ CC _ 48 cc _ _ 46 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 47 det _ _ 47 meat meat NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 nsubj _ _ 48 got get VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 41 conj _ _ 49 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 51 det _ _ 50 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 51 amod _ _ 51 one one NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 obj _ _ 52 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Mum | dinner | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **have** *in a quote* | present · progressive | We | beef | | | tonight | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beef=Patient | | 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | | | | | | | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **eat** | past | French speaking lords | the meat | | | after 1066 | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meat=Patient | | 5 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | | | | | | | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **look** | past | speaking farmers | | | | after the animals | | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | | 7 | **keep** | past | the animal | meat's English name | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme | | 8 | **get** | past | the meat | a French one | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer one=Stimulus | | 9 | **name** | | meat | | | | | | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:1`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Where English came from, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/18/) - next →: [Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/2/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/)