---
title: "Shirt" and "skirt" began as the same old word: "shirt" is the Engli… — Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin · tree and pragmatics
description: "Shirt" and "skirt" began as the same old word: "shirt" is the English form and "skirt" the Norse form. Who acts: Shirt. A sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, sentence 7

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"Shirt" and "skirt" began as the same old word: "shirt" is the English form and "skirt" the Norse form.

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**Who acts:** Shirt · **What happens:** begin, be · **To what, where:** Norse form, English form

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shirt), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:7
# text = "Shirt" and "skirt" began as the same old word: "shirt" is the English form and "skirt" the Norse form.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = language
# lesson = 023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	_
2	Shirt	shirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	_
6	skirt	skirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	_
16	shirt	shirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
17	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	24	punct	_	_
24	skirt	skirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
25	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	24	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=21:punct
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	Norse	norse	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | Shirt and skirt | the Norse form |  |  |  | as the same old word | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is a** | present | shirt | the English form and skirt |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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