--- title: "Cossack" came into English from Ukrainian "козак" (kozak) and Russi… — Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chi… · tree and pragmatics description: "Cossack" came into English from Ukrainian "козак" (kozak) and Russian "kazak"; it probably goes back to a Turkic word for a free person; Cossacks were free warrior communities on the Ukrainian steppe, a huge grassy plain. Who acts: Cossack, kazak, Cossacks. A sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/) / 14 # Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 14 "Cossack" came into English from Ukrainian "козак" (kozak) and Russian "kazak"; it probably goes back to a Turkic word for a free person; Cossacks were free warrior communities on the Ukrainian steppe, a huge grassy plain. **Who acts:** Cossack, kazak, Cossacks · **What happens:** come, go back, be · **To what, where:** козак, English, free warrior communities, Ukrainian steppe This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cossack, kazak, Cossacks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:14 # text = "Cossack" came into English from Ukrainian "козак" (kozak) and Russian "kazak"; it probably goes back to a Turkic word for a free person; Cossacks were free warrior communities on the Ukrainian steppe, a huge grassy plain. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×3 1 " " PUNCT `` _ 2 punct _ _ 2 Cossack cossack PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 3 " " PUNCT '' _ 2 punct _ _ 4 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 into into ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 7 from from ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 Ukrainian Ukrainian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 9 " " PUNCT `` _ 10 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=6:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 10 козак козак NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 11 " " PUNCT '' _ 10 punct _ _ 12 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 13 punct _ _ 13 kozak kozak PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 appos _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=10:appos|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 14 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 13 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 16 Russian Russian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 17 " " PUNCT `` _ 18 punct _ _ 18 kazak kazak NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 19 " " PUNCT '' _ 18 punct _ _ 20 ; ; PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 21 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 22 probably probably ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 23 goes go VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 24 back back ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 25 to to ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 26 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 27 Turkic turkic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=28:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 28 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 29 for for ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 30 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 31 free free ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ _ 32 person person NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nmod _ _ 33 ; ; PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 34 Cossacks cossack PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 38 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=38:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 35 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 38 cop _ _ 36 free free ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 37 warrior warrior NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 communities community NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 parataxis _ _ 39 on on ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 41 Ukrainian ukrainian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 42 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=42:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 42 steppe steppe NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 nmod _ _ 43 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 44 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 47 det _ _ 45 huge huge ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 47 amod _ _ 46 grassy grassy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 47 amod _ _ 47 plain plain NOUN NN Number=Sing 42 appos _ _ 48 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | Cossack | козак and Russian kazak | | English | | from Ukrainian | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme into english=Initial\_Location from ukrainian=Destination | | 2 | **go back** | present | kazak | | | | | probably *property* | vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient | | 3 | **is a** | past | Cossacks | free warrior communities | | the Ukrainian steppe | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/13/) - next →: [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/)