--- title: When a word's past is not certain, honest experts say "probably" or… — Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chi… · tree and pragmatics description: When a word's past is not certain, honest experts say "probably" or "likely", and so should we. Who acts: past, honest experts. A sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/) / 4 # Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 4 When a word's past is not certain, honest experts say "probably" or "likely", and so should we. **Who acts:** past, honest experts · **What happens:** not be, say · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (past, honest experts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:4 # text = When a word's past is not certain, honest experts say "probably" or "likely", and so should we. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2 1 When when SCONJ WRB _ 8 mark _ _ 2 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod:poss _ _ 4 's 's PART POS _ 3 case _ _ 5 past past NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 6 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 cop _ _ 7 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 8 advmod _ _ 8 certain certain ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 10 honest honest ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 experts expert NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ _ 12 say say VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 conj _ _ 13 " " PUNCT `` _ 14 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=18:punct 14 probably probably ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 15 " " PUNCT '' _ 14 punct _ _ 16 or or CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 17 " " PUNCT `` _ 18 punct _ _ 18 likely likely ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 ccomp _ _ 19 " " PUNCT '' _ 18 punct _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 22 so so ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 23 should should AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 12 conj _ _ 24 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 25 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=8:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed voice=narrator | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **is** | present | a word's past | | | | | certain *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | honest experts | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/3/) - next →: [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/5/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/)