--- title: The idea of zero came from India; Arab mathematicians passed it to E… — Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chi… · tree and pragmatics description: The idea of zero came from India; Arab mathematicians passed it to Europe, and its name came from Arabic "ṣifr", empty, which also gave "cipher". Who acts: idea, Arab mathematicians, name, Arabic ṣifr. A sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/) / 9 # Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 9 The idea of zero came from India; Arab mathematicians passed it to Europe, and its name came from Arabic "ṣifr", empty, which also gave "cipher". **Who acts:** idea, Arab mathematicians, name, Arabic ṣifr · **What happens:** come, pass, give, name · **To what, where:** India, idea, Europe, Arabic ṣifr, cipher This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (idea, Arab mathematicians, name, Arabic ṣifr), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:9 # text = The idea of zero came from India; Arab mathematicians passed it to Europe, and its name came from Arabic "ṣifr", empty, which also gave "cipher". # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 idea idea NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 3 of of ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 4 zero zero NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 2 nmod _ _ 5 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 from from ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 India India PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 8 ; ; PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 9 Arab Arab ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod _ _ 10 mathematicians mathematician NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _ 11 passed pass VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 12 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 obj _ _ 13 to to ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 obl _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 17 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ _ 18 name name NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 19 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 20 from from ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 21 Arabic Arabic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 compound _ _ 22 " " PUNCT `` _ 23 punct _ _ 23 ṣifr ṣifr NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 24 " " PUNCT '' _ 23 punct _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 26 empty empty NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 28 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 30 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=30:obj 29 also also ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 30 gave give VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 acl:relcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=26:parataxis 31 " " PUNCT `` _ 32 punct _ _ 32 cipher cipher NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 33 " " PUNCT '' _ 32 punct _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | the idea of zero | | | India | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from india=Initial\_Location | | 2 | **pass** | past | Arab mathematicians | idea | Europe | | | | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Theme to europe=Recipient | | 3 | **come** | past | idea's name | | | Arabic ṣifr and empty | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from ṣifr=Initial\_Location | | 4 | **give** | past | Arabic ṣifr and empty | cipher | | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cipher=Theme | | 5 | **name** | | idea | | | | | | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/7/) - next →: [Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, A…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/)