--- title: Using one word for too many things, like calling a horse "dog", is c… — How babies learn to talk · tree and pragmatics description: Using one word for too many things, like calling a horse "dog", is called overextension; it is normal, and children learn the differences over time. Who acts: word, children. A sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [How babies learn to talk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/) / 14 # How babies learn to talk, sentence 14 Using one word for too many things, like calling a horse "dog", is called overextension; it is normal, and children learn the differences over time. **Who acts:** word, children · **What happens:** use, call, be, learn · **To what, where:** one word, horse, overextension, differences · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (word, children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:14 # text = Using one word for too many things, like calling a horse "dog", is called overextension; it is normal, and children learn the differences over time. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Using use VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 18 advcl _ _ 2 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 3 nummod _ _ 3 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 obj _ _ 4 for for ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 5 too too ADV RB _ 6 advmod _ _ 6 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 things thing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 1 obl _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 9 like like SCONJ IN _ 10 mark _ _ 10 calling call VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 1 advcl _ _ 11 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 horse horse NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 13 " " PUNCT `` _ 14 punct _ _ 14 dog dog NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 appos _ _ 15 " " PUNCT '' _ 14 punct _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct _ _ 17 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux:pass _ _ 18 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 19 overextension overextension NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 xcomp _ _ 20 ; ; PUNCT : _ 23 punct _ _ 21 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=23:expl 22 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 cop _ _ 23 normal normal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=18:conj 24 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 26 children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nsubj _ _ 27 learn learn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 conj _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj _ _ 30 over over ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 31 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=29:nmod 32 . . PUNCT . _ 18 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **use** | gerund | | one word | | | | for many things | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent word=Theme for thing=Eventuality | | 2 | **call** | gerund | | | a horse | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent horse=Recipient | | 3 | **call** *speech: assert* | present · passive | | overextension | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V» | | 4 | **is** | present | word | | | | | normal *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **learn** | present | children | the differences | | | time | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difference=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How babies learn to talk, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/13/) - next →: [Sign language, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/32-sign-language/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/)