--- title: Toddlers don't just copy: when Kai says "I runned and I falled", he… — How babies learn to talk · tree and pragmatics description: Toddlers don't just copy: when Kai says "I runned and I falled", he is using the rule "add -ed for the past", only on verbs that break the rule, which shows he has worked the rule out by himself. Who acts: Toddlers, Kai, verbs, rule. A sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the languag --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [How babies learn to talk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/) / 2 # How babies learn to talk, sentence 2 Toddlers don't just copy: when Kai says "I runned and I falled", he is using the rule "add -ed for the past", only on verbs that break the rule, which shows he has worked the rule out by himself. **Who acts:** Toddlers, Kai, verbs, rule · **What happens:** not copy, say, run, fall, use, add · **To what, where:** rule, verbs, ed · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Toddlers, Kai, verbs, rule), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:2 # text = Toddlers don't just copy: when Kai says "I runned and I falled", he is using the rule "add -ed for the past", only on verbs that break the rule, which shows he has worked the rule out by himself. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Toddlers toddler NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 2 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _ 3 n't not PART RB Polarity=Neg 5 advmod _ _ 4 just just ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 5 copy copy VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 6 : : PUNCT : _ 9 punct _ _ 7 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 9 advmod _ _ 8 Kai Kai PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _ 9 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:parataxis 10 " " PUNCT `` _ 12 punct _ _ 11 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj _ _ 12 runned run VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 ccomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=9:conj 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 14 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 falled fall VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 conj _ _ 16 " " PUNCT '' _ 12 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct 17 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 18 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ _ 19 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 aux _ _ 20 using use VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:advcl 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 rule rule NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obj _ _ 23 " " PUNCT `` _ 24 punct _ _ 24 add add VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 20 advcl _ _ 25 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 26 punct _ _ 26 ed ed NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obj _ _ 27 for for ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 past past NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nmod _ _ 30 " " PUNCT '' _ 24 punct _ _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 32 only only ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 33 on on ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 34 verbs verb NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obl _ _ 35 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 36 nsubj _ _ 36 break break VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 acl:relcl _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 rule rule NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obj _ _ 39 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 40 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 41 nsubj _ _ 41 shows show VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 38 acl:relcl _ _ 42 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 44 nsubj _ _ 43 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 44 aux _ _ 44 worked work VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 41 ccomp _ _ 45 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 46 det _ _ 46 rule rule NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 obj _ _ 47 out out ADP RP _ 44 compound:prt _ _ 48 by by ADP IN _ 49 case _ _ 49 himself himself PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 44 obl _ _ 50 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed voice=narrator | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **copy** | present · do-support | Toddlers | | | | | | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Kai | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 3 | **run** *in a quote* | past | Kai | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **fall** *in a quote* | past | Kai | | | | | | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **use** | present · progressive | Kai | the rule | | verbs | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Patient | | 6 | **add** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | infinitive | Kai *not said here* | ed | | | | for the past | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ed=Patient | | 7 | **break** | present | verbs | the rule | | | | | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient | | 8 | **show** | present | the rule | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 9 | **work out** | present · perfect | Kai | the rule | | | | by Kai | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How babies learn to talk, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/1/) - next →: [How babies learn to talk, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/)