--- title: Children's mistakes are clues to how clever they are; calling every… — How babies learn to talk · tree and pragmatics description: Children's mistakes are clues to how clever they are; calling every four-legged animal "dog" or mixing two languages in one sentence are normal steps, and they sort themselves out. Who acts: mistakes, calling, Children. A sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [How babies learn to talk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/) / 3 # How babies learn to talk, sentence 3 Children's mistakes are clues to how clever they are; calling every four-legged animal "dog" or mixing two languages in one sentence are normal steps, and they sort themselves out. **Who acts:** mistakes, calling, Children · **What happens:** be, mix, sort out, mistake · **To what, where:** clues, two languages, one sentence, normal steps, mistakes This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mistakes, calling, Children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:3 # text = Children's mistakes are clues to how clever they are; calling every four-legged animal "dog" or mixing two languages in one sentence are normal steps, and they sort themselves out. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Children child NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nmod:poss _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=3:nmod:poss|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 2 's 's PART POS _ 1 case _ _ 3 mistakes mistake NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 5 clues clue NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 6 to to ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 8 advmod _ _ 8 clever clever ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 nmod _ _ 9 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj _ _ 10 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _ 11 ; ; PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=5:punct 12 calling call VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 30 csubj _ _ 13 every every DET DT PronType=Tot 17 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=19:det 14 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 16 nummod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:nummod 15 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 14 punct _ _ 16 legged four-legged ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 animal animal NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 compound _ _ 18 " " PUNCT `` _ 19 punct _ _ 19 dog dog NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obj _ _ 20 " " PUNCT '' _ 19 punct _ _ 21 or or CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 22 mixing mix VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 conj _ _ 23 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 24 nummod _ _ 24 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=22:nsubj 25 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 27 nummod _ _ 27 sentence sentence NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=24:nmod 28 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 cop _ _ 29 normal normal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 amod _ _ 30 steps step NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 31 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 33 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nsubj _ _ 34 sort sort VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 conj _ _ 35 themselves themselves PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 34 obj _ _ 36 out out ADP RP _ 34 compound:prt _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=34:compound:prt|HaikuPos=PART:RP:_ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Children's mistakes | clues | | | | to clever | tree rules | | 2 | **is** | present | mistakes *= mistake* | | | | | call *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **mix** | gerund | mistakes *= mistake* *not said here* | two languages | | one sentence | | | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient | | 4 | **is a** | present | calling | normal steps | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **sort out** | present | mistakes *= mistake* | mistakes *= mistake* | | | | | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme | | 6 | **mistake** | | Children | | | | | | nom mistake «act intransitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How babies learn to talk, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/2/) - next →: [How babies learn to talk, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/)