--- title: Among the major Cyrillic alphabets, the letter "ї" (sounds like "yi"… — Ukrainian compared with English · tree and pragmatics description: Among the major Cyrillic alphabets, the letter "ї" (sounds like "yi", as in "Україна") is used only in Ukrainian and the closely related Rusyn; "ґ" (a hard g) is another special Ukrainian letter. Who acts: ї, ґ. A sentence of the lesson «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mov --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Ukrainian compared with English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/) / 15 # Ukrainian compared with English, sentence 15 Among the major Cyrillic alphabets, the letter "ї" (sounds like "yi", as in "Україна") is used only in Ukrainian and the closely related Rusyn; "ґ" (a hard g) is another special Ukrainian letter. **Who acts:** ї, ґ · **What happens:** sound, use, be · **To what, where:** letter, Ukrainian, special Ukrainian letter This is a sentence of the lesson «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ї, ґ), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson:15 # text = Among the major Cyrillic alphabets, the letter "ї" (sounds like "yi", as in "Україна") is used only in Ukrainian and the closely related Rusyn; "ґ" (a hard g) is another special Ukrainian letter. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Among among ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 3 major major ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _ 4 Cyrillic cyrillic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _ 5 alphabets alphabet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obl _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 7 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:det 8 letter letter NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj:pass _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:compound 9 " " PUNCT `` _ 10 punct _ _ 10 ї ї NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 appos _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=26:nsubj:pass 11 " " PUNCT '' _ 10 punct _ _ 12 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 13 punct _ _ 13 sounds sound VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 acl:relcl _ _ 14 like like ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 " " PUNCT `` _ 16 punct _ _ 16 yi yi NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 17 " " PUNCT '' _ 16 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct 18 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 19 as as ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 20 in in ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 " " PUNCT `` _ 22 punct _ _ 22 Україна Україна PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 appos _ _ 23 " " PUNCT '' _ 22 punct _ _ 24 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 10 punct _ _ 25 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 aux:pass _ _ 26 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 27 only only ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 Ukrainian Ukrainian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 obl _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 32 closely closely ADV RB _ 33 advmod _ _ 33 related related ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 Rusyn Rusyn PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 conj _ _ 35 ; ; PUNCT : _ 37 punct _ _ 36 " " PUNCT `` _ 37 punct _ _ 37 ґ ґ NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 nsubj _ _ 38 " " PUNCT '' _ 37 punct _ _ 39 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 42 punct _ _ 40 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 41 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 42 amod _ _ 42 g g NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 appos _ _ 43 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 42 punct _ _ 44 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 48 cop _ _ 45 another another DET DT PronType=Ind 48 det _ _ 46 special special ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 48 amod _ _ 47 Ukrainian ukrainian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 48 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=48:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 48 letter letter NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=26:conj 49 . . PUNCT . _ 26 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **sound** | present | ї *not said here* | | | | | like yi | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | | 2 | **use** | present · passive | | the letter | | Ukrainian and the related Rusyn | | among the major Cyrillic alphabets | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | | 3 | **is a** | present | ґ | another special Ukrainian letter | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Ukrainian compared with English, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/14/) - next →: [Mandarin compared with English, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/)