--- title: Ukrainian has no words for "a" or "the" (no articles); "Кіт спить" c… — Ukrainian compared with English · tree and pragmatics description: Ukrainian has no words for "a" or "the" (no articles); "Кіт спить" can mean "a cat sleeps" or "the cat sleeps", and the situation shows which. Who acts: Ukrainian, Кіт спить, cat, situation. A sentence of the lesson «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school wi --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Ukrainian compared with English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/) / 6 # Ukrainian compared with English, sentence 6 Ukrainian has no words for "a" or "the" (no articles); "Кіт спить" can mean "a cat sleeps" or "the cat sleeps", and the situation shows which. **Who acts:** Ukrainian, Кіт спить, cat, situation · **What happens:** have, mean, sleep, show · **To what, where:** words · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ukrainian, Кіт спить, cat, situation), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson:6 # text = Ukrainian has no words for "a" or "the" (no articles); "Кіт спить" can mean "a cat sleeps" or "the cat sleeps", and the situation shows which. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×4, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 Ukrainian Ukrainian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 4 det _ _ 4 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 5 for for ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 6 " " PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 nmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:det 8 " " PUNCT '' _ 7 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 9 or or CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 10 " " PUNCT `` _ 11 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:det 12 " " PUNCT '' _ 11 punct _ _ 13 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 15 punct _ _ 14 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 15 det _ _ 15 articles article NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nmod _ _ 16 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 15 punct _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT : _ 23 punct _ _ 18 " " PUNCT `` _ 20 punct _ _ 19 Кіт Кіт PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 compound _ _ 20 спить спить NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _ 21 " " PUNCT '' _ 20 punct _ _ 22 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 23 mean mean VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 15 parataxis _ _ 24 " " PUNCT `` _ 27 punct _ _ 25 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 cat cat NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ _ 27 sleeps sleep VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 ccomp _ _ 28 " " PUNCT '' _ 27 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=33:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 29 or or CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 30 " " PUNCT `` _ 33 punct _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=33:det 32 cat cat NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=33:compound 33 sleeps sleep VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 27 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=27:appos|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 34 " " PUNCT '' _ 33 punct _ _ 35 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 36 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 situation situation NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 39 shows show VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 27 conj _ _ 40 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 39 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=39:advcl:relcl 41 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Ukrainian | no words a | | | | for no articles | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient | | 2 | **mean** | can | Кіт спить | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 3 | **sleep** *in a quote* | present | a cat | | | | | | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **sleep** *in a quote* | present | the cat | | | | | | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **show** | present | the situation | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent which=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:033-ukrainian-compared-with-english.lesson:6`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×4, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Ukrainian compared with English, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/5/) - next →: [Ukrainian compared with English, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/7/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/)