--- title: French is English's closest neighbour in words: after 1066 French-sp… — French compared with English · tree and pragmatics description: French is English's closest neighbour in words: after 1066 French-speaking rulers poured thousands of words into English, so when you learn French you already know a lot of it. Who acts: French, speaking rulers, you. A sentence of the lesson «French compared with English» of the language course of M --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/35-french-compared-with-english/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [French compared with English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/35-french-compared-with-english/) / 0 # French compared with English, sentence 0 French is English's closest neighbour in words: after 1066 French-speaking rulers poured thousands of words into English, so when you learn French you already know a lot of it. **Who acts:** French, speaking rulers, you · **What happens:** be, speak, pour, learn, know · **To what, where:** closest neighbour, words, thousands, English, French, lot · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «French compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (French, speaking rulers, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:035-french-compared-with-english.lesson:0 # text = French is English's closest neighbour in words: after 1066 French-speaking rulers poured thousands of words into English, so when you learn French you already know a lot of it. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 035-french-compared-with-english.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 2 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 3 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nmod:poss _ _ 4 's 's PART POS _ 3 case _ _ 5 closest close ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 6 amod _ _ 6 neighbour neighbour NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 7 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 9 : : PUNCT : _ 11 punct _ _ 10 after after ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 1066 1066 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 16 obl _ _ 12 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 compound _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=14:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 13 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 14 punct _ _ 14 speaking speak VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 15 amod _ _ 15 rulers ruler NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ _ 16 poured pour VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 17 thousands thousand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 obj _ _ 18 of of ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nmod _ _ 20 into into ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 23 so so ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 24 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 26 advmod _ _ 25 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 26 nsubj _ _ 26 learn learn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:parataxis 27 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 obj _ _ 28 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 29 already already ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 30 know know VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=26:parataxis 31 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 lot lot NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 33 of of ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 34 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 nmod _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | French | English's closest neighbour | | words | | | tree rules | | 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | | | | | | | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **pour** | past | speaking rulers | thousands of words | | English | after 1066 | | vn pour-9.5 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme into english=Destination | | 4 | **learn** | present | you | French | | | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent french=Topic | | 5 | **know** | present | you | a lot of lot | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer lot=Stimulus | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:035-french-compared-with-english.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Mandarin compared with English, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/15/) - next →: [French compared with English, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/35-french-compared-with-english/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/35-french-compared-with-english/)