--- title: Some words mean their own opposite: "dust" can mean take dust off (d… — Grammar puzzles, part two · tree and pragmatics description: Some words mean their own opposite: "dust" can mean take dust off (dust the shelf) or put powder on (dust the cake with sugar), and "left" can mean gone (he left) or still here (one biscuit left). Who acts: words, dust, left, one biscuit. A sentence of the lesson «Grammar puzzles, part two» of the l --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/36-grammar-puzzles-part-two/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Grammar puzzles, part two](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/36-grammar-puzzles-part-two/) / 15 # Grammar puzzles, part two, sentence 15 Some words mean their own opposite: "dust" can mean take dust off (dust the shelf) or put powder on (dust the cake with sugar), and "left" can mean gone (he left) or still here (one biscuit left). **Who acts:** words, dust, left, one biscuit · **What happens:** mean, take off, dust, put on, leave, left · **To what, where:** own opposite, dust, shelf, powder, cake · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Grammar puzzles, part two» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (words, dust, left, one biscuit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:036-grammar-puzzles-part-two.lesson:15 # text = Some words mean their own opposite: "dust" can mean take dust off (dust the shelf) or put powder on (dust the cake with sugar), and "left" can mean gone (he left) or still here (one biscuit left). # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 036-grammar-puzzles-part-two.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Some some DET DT PronType=Ind 2 det _ _ 2 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 mean mean VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 6 nmod:poss _ _ 5 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 opposite opposite NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obj _ _ 7 : : PUNCT : _ 12 punct _ _ 8 " " PUNCT `` _ 9 punct _ _ 9 dust dust NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 10 " " PUNCT '' _ 9 punct _ _ 11 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 12 aux _ _ 12 mean mean VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 conj _ _ 13 take take VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 12 ccomp _ _ 14 dust dust NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 15 off off ADP RP _ 13 compound:prt _ _ 16 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 17 punct _ _ 17 dust dust VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 13 parataxis _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 shelf shelf NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 20 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 17 punct _ _ 21 or or CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 22 put put VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 13 conj _ _ 23 powder powder NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obj _ _ 24 on on ADP RP _ 22 compound:prt _ _ 25 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 26 punct _ _ 26 dust dust VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 13 parataxis _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 cake cake NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obj _ _ 29 with with ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 sugar sugar NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=28:nmod 31 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 26 punct _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 34 " " PUNCT `` _ 35 punct _ _ 35 left left NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 nsubj _ _ 36 " " PUNCT '' _ 35 punct _ _ 37 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 38 aux _ _ 38 mean mean VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 13 conj _ _ 39 gone gone ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=38:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 40 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 42 punct _ _ 41 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 42 nsubj _ _ 42 left leave VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 parataxis _ _ 43 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 42 punct _ _ 44 or or CCONJ CC _ 46 cc _ _ 45 still still ADV RB _ 46 advmod _ _ 46 here here ADV RB PronType=Dem 42 conj _ _ 47 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 50 punct _ _ 48 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 49 nummod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=50:nummod 49 biscuit biscuit NOUN NN Number=Sing 50 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=50:compound 50 left left NOUN NN Number=Sing 46 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=42:obl 51 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 50 punct _ _ 52 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | present | some words | Words's own opposite | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent opposite=Topic | | 2 | **mean** | can | dust | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 3 | **take off** | infinitive | | dust | | | | | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dust=Theme | | 4 | **dust** | infinitive | | the shelf | | | | | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shelf=Theme | | 5 | **put on** | infinitive | | powder | | | | | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent powder=Goal | | 6 | **dust** | infinitive | | the cake | | | | with sugar | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent cake=Destination with sugar=Theme | | 7 | **mean** | can | left | | | | | gone *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **leave** | past | left | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 9 | **left** | | one biscuit | | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:036-grammar-puzzles-part-two.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Grammar puzzles, part two, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/36-grammar-puzzles-part-two/13/) - next →: [Building words: prefixes, suffixes and…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/37-building-words-prefixes-suffixes-and-compounds/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/36-grammar-puzzles-part-two/)