--- title: "Naughty" comes from "naught", meaning nothing; it first meant havin… — Words that changed their meaning · tree and pragmatics description: "Naughty" comes from "naught", meaning nothing; it first meant having nothing, then wicked, and now mostly a child behaving badly. Who acts: Naughty, child. A sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Words that changed their meaning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/) / 10 # Words that changed their meaning, sentence 10 "Naughty" comes from "naught", meaning nothing; it first meant having nothing, then wicked, and now mostly a child behaving badly. **Who acts:** Naughty, child · **What happens:** come, mean, have, behave · **To what, where:** naught, nothing This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Naughty, child), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:10 # text = "Naughty" comes from "naught", meaning nothing; it first meant having nothing, then wicked, and now mostly a child behaving badly. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1 1 " " PUNCT `` _ 2 punct _ _ 2 Naughty naughty NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 3 " " PUNCT '' _ 2 punct _ _ 4 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 from from ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 " " PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ _ 7 naught naught ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 obl _ _ 8 " " PUNCT '' _ 7 punct _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 10 meaning mean VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 4 advcl _ _ 11 nothing nothing PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Neg 10 obj _ _ 12 ; ; PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 13 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 14 first first ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 15 advmod _ _ 15 meant mean VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 16 having have VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 15 advcl _ _ 17 nothing nothing PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Neg 16 obj _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 20 advmod _ _ 20 wicked wicked ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 conj _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 23 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 26 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=24:advmod 24 mostly mostly ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 25 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 child child NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 conj _ _ 27 behaving behave VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 26 acl _ _ 28 badly badly ADV RB Degree=Pos 27 advmod _ _ 29 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | present | Naughty | | | naught | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from naught=Initial\_Location | | 2 | **mean** | gerund | Naughty *not said here* | nothing | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Topic | | 3 | **mean** | past | Naughty | | | | | first *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **have** | gerund | Naughty *not said here* | nothing | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Patient | | 5 | **behave** | gerund | a child *not said here* | | | | | badly *property* | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Words that changed their meaning, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/9/) - next →: [Words that changed their meaning, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/)