--- title: In the 1500s "bully" meant darling or sweetheart, probably from a Du… — Words that changed their meaning · tree and pragmatics description: In the 1500s "bully" meant darling or sweetheart, probably from a Dutch word; it later meant a fine fellow, then a show-off, and then someone who hurts weaker people. Who acts: bully. A sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school with its --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Words that changed their meaning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/) / 16 # Words that changed their meaning, sentence 16 In the 1500s "bully" meant darling or sweetheart, probably from a Dutch word; it later meant a fine fellow, then a show-off, and then someone who hurts weaker people. **Who acts:** bully · **What happens:** mean, hurt · **To what, where:** darling, fine fellow, weaker people This is a sentence of the lesson «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bully), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:16 # text = In the 1500s "bully" meant darling or sweetheart, probably from a Dutch word; it later meant a fine fellow, then a show-off, and then someone who hurts weaker people. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 1500s 1500 NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obl _ _ 4 " " PUNCT `` _ 5 punct _ _ 5 bully bully NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 6 " " PUNCT '' _ 5 punct _ _ 7 meant mean VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 8 darling darling NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ _ 9 or or CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 sweetheart sweetheart NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 conj _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 12 probably probably ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 13 from from ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 14 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 15 Dutch dutch ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 16 amod _ _ 16 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 18 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ _ 19 later later ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 20 meant mean VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:conj 21 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 22 fine fine ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 23 fellow fellow NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obj _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=23:punct 25 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 29 advmod _ _ 26 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 27 show show NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 28 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 29 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=27:punct 29 off off NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 32 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 33 advmod _ _ 33 someone someone PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 23 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=29:conj 34 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 35 nsubj _ _ 35 hurts hurt VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 33 acl:relcl _ _ 36 weaker weak ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 37 amod _ _ 37 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obj _ _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | past | bully | darling or sweetheart | | | | from a Dutch word; in the 1500s | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot darling=Theme in 1500=Attribute | | 2 | **mean** | past | bully | a fine fellow and a show off | | | | later *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fellow=Topic | | 3 | **hurt** | present | | weaker people | | | | | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer people=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:038-words-that-changed-their-meaning.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Words that changed their meaning, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/15/) - next →: [Talking well: politeness, listening an…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/39-talking-well-politeness-listening-and-saying-sorry/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/)