--- title: Prepositions are small words that show where, when or how things con… — Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that… · tree and pragmatics description: Prepositions are small words that show where, when or how things connect: on, under, in, behind, before, after, with; a pencil "on the desk" and a pencil "under the desk" are in very different places. Who acts: Prepositions, small words, things, pencil. A sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and con --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/) / 0 # Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together, sentence 0 Prepositions are small words that show where, when or how things connect: on, under, in, behind, before, after, with; a pencil "on the desk" and a pencil "under the desk" are in very different places. **Who acts:** Prepositions, small words, things, pencil · **What happens:** be, show, connect · **To what, where:** small words, different places This is a sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Prepositions, small words, things, pencil), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:0 # text = Prepositions are small words that show where, when or how things connect: on, under, in, behind, before, after, with; a pencil "on the desk" and a pencil "under the desk" are in very different places. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×5, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Prepositions preposition NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 3 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 5 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 6 nsubj _ _ 6 show show VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 acl:relcl _ _ 7 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 6 advmod _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct 9 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 13 advmod _ _ 10 or or CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 11 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 13 advmod _ _ 12 things thing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 13 connect connect VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 14 : : PUNCT : _ 15 punct _ _ 15 on on ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct 17 under under ADP IN _ 15 list _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 19 in in ADP IN _ 15 list _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct 21 behind behind ADP IN _ 15 list _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 23 before before ADP IN _ 15 list _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=23:punct 25 after after ADP IN _ 15 list _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 27 with with ADP IN _ 15 list _ _ 28 ; ; PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 pencil pencil NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 nsubj _ _ 31 " " PUNCT `` _ 30 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 32 on on ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 desk desk NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nmod _ _ 35 " " PUNCT '' _ 34 punct _ _ 36 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=30:cc 37 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 pencil pencil NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 conj _ _ 39 " " PUNCT `` _ 42 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=38:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 40 under under ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 desk desk NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 nmod _ _ 43 " " PUNCT '' _ 42 punct _ _ 44 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 48 cop _ _ 45 in in ADP IN _ 48 case _ _ 46 very very ADV RB _ 47 advmod _ _ 47 different different ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 48 amod _ _ 48 places place NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 parataxis _ _ 49 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Prepositions | small words | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **show** | present | small words | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **connect** | present | things | | | | | | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **is** | present | a pencil on the desk and a pencil under the desk | | | different places | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×5, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Pronouns: I, me, you, they and who, 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/5-pronouns-i-me-you-they-and-who/19/) - next →: [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/)