--- title: The "rule" against ending a sentence with a preposition was copied f… — Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that… · tree and pragmatics description: The "rule" against ending a sentence with a preposition was copied from Latin by some writers in the 1600s and 1700s; English naturally says "What are you looking at?". Who acts: rule, writers, English, you. A sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences to --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/) / 12 # Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together, sentence 12 The "rule" against ending a sentence with a preposition was copied from Latin by some writers in the 1600s and 1700s; English naturally says "What are you looking at?". **Who acts:** rule, writers, English, you · **What happens:** end, copy, say, look · **To what, where:** sentence, rule, Latin · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rule, writers, English, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:12 # text = The "rule" against ending a sentence with a preposition was copied from Latin by some writers in the 1600s and 1700s; English naturally says "What are you looking at?". # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 " " PUNCT `` _ 3 punct _ _ 3 rule rule NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj:pass _ _ 4 " " PUNCT '' _ 3 punct _ _ 5 against against SCONJ IN _ 6 mark _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_ 6 ending end VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 3 acl _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 sentence sentence NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj _ _ 9 with with ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 preposition preposition NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=8:nmod 12 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux:pass _ _ 13 copied copy VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 14 from from ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 Latin Latin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 16 by by ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 18 det _ _ 18 writers writer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obl:agent _ _ 19 in in ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 1600s 1600 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 13 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:nmod 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 23 1700s 1700 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 21 conj _ _ 24 ; ; PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=13:punct 25 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ _ 26 naturally naturally ADV RB _ 27 advmod _ _ 27 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=13:conj 28 " " PUNCT `` _ 32 punct _ _ 29 What what PRON WP PronType=Rel 32 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=32:obj 30 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 aux _ _ 31 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 32 nsubj _ _ 32 looking look VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 27 ccomp _ _ 33 at at ADP IN _ 32 obl _ _ 34 ? ? PUNCT . _ 32 punct _ _ 35 " " PUNCT '' _ 32 punct _ _ 36 . . PUNCT . _ 13 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **end** | gerund | the rule *not said here* | a sentence | | | | with a preposition | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector sentence=Eventuality with preposition=Subeventuality | | 2 | **copy** | past · passive | some writers | the rule | | Latin | | in the 1600s and 1700s | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme in 1600=Destination | | 3 | **say** *speech: ask* | present | English | | | | | naturally *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 4 | **look** *in a quote* | present · progressive | you | | | | | | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/11/) - next →: [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/)