--- title: Prepositions are the least logical words in any language, so countri… — Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that… · tree and pragmatics description: Prepositions are the least logical words in any language, so countries differ: the British say "at the weekend", Americans and Australians "on the weekend"; northern English says "I'm sat" for I'm sitting, and an Aussie meets you "at the servo this arvo". Who acts: Prepositions, countries, British, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/) / 3 # Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together, sentence 3 Prepositions are the least logical words in any language, so countries differ: the British say "at the weekend", Americans and Australians "on the weekend"; northern English says "I'm sat" for I'm sitting, and an Aussie meets you "at the servo this arvo". **Who acts:** Prepositions, countries, British, northern English, I, Aussie · **What happens:** be, differ, say, sit, meet · **To what, where:** logical words, language, say, you · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Prepositions, countries, British, northern English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:3 # text = Prepositions are the least logical words in any language, so countries differ: the British say "at the weekend", Americans and Australians "on the weekend"; northern English says "I'm sat" for I'm sitting, and an Aussie meets you "at the servo this arvo". # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Prepositions preposition NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 4 least least ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 5 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:amod 5 logical logical ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 parataxis _ _ 7 in in ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 9 det _ _ 9 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 11 so so ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 12 countries country NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 13 differ differ VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 14 : : PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:det 16 British British ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:amod 17 say say NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 appos _ _ 18 " " PUNCT `` _ 21 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct 19 at at ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 weekend weekend NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:nmod 22 " " PUNCT '' _ 21 punct _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 24 Americans American PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 17 conj _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=24:cc 26 Australians australian PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 24 conj _ _ 27 " " PUNCT `` _ 26 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=26:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 28 on on ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 weekend weekend NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nmod _ _ 31 " " PUNCT '' _ 30 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=26:punct 32 ; ; PUNCT : _ 35 punct _ _ 33 northern northern ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ _ 35 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 acl:relcl _ _ 36 " " PUNCT `` _ 39 punct _ _ 37 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 39 nsubj _ _ 38 'm be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 cop _ _ 39 sat sat ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 ccomp _ _ 40 " " PUNCT '' _ 39 punct _ _ 41 for for SCONJ IN _ 44 mark _ _ 42 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 44 nsubj _ _ 43 'm be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 44 aux _ _ 44 sitting sit VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 39 advcl _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 46 and and CCONJ CC _ 49 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=39:cc 47 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 48 det _ _ 48 Aussie Aussie PROPN NNP Number=Sing 49 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=49:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 49 meets meet VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 conj _ _ 50 you you PRON PRP Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs 49 obj _ _ 51 " " PUNCT `` _ 56 punct _ _ 52 at at ADP IN _ 54 case _ _ 53 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 54 det _ _ 54 servo servo NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 compound _ _ 55 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 56 det _ _ 56 arvo arvo NOUN NN Number=Sing 49 parataxis _ _ 57 " " PUNCT '' _ 56 punct _ _ 58 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed voice=narrator | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Prepositions | the logical words | | any language | | | tree rules | | 2 | **differ** | present | countries | | | | | | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | | the British | | | | weekend | | tree rules | | 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | northern English | say and Americans and Australians on the weekend *not said here* | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent say=Topic | | 5 | **is** *in a quote* | present | northern English *= english* | | | | | sat *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **sit** | present · progressive | I | | | | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **meet** | present | a Aussie | you | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:006-prepositions-and-conjunctions.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/2/) - next →: [Prepositions and conjunctions: little…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/)