--- title: English has no special future ending on the verb, unlike Ukrainian o… — Tenses: past, present and future · tree and pragmatics description: English has no special future ending on the verb, unlike Ukrainian or French; it uses helpers instead: "I will go", "I'm going to go", or even the present with a time word: "The train leaves at five". Who acts: English, special future, verb, I. A sentence of the lesson «Tenses: past, present and fut --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/) / [Tenses: past, present and future](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/) / 1 # Tenses: past, present and future, sentence 1 English has no special future ending on the verb, unlike Ukrainian or French; it uses helpers instead: "I will go", "I'm going to go", or even the present with a time word: "The train leaves at five". **Who acts:** English, special future, verb, I, train · **What happens:** have, end, use, go, leave · **To what, where:** special future, verb, helpers, present, time word, five · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Tenses: past, present and future» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, special future, verb, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:language:008-tenses-past-present-future.lesson:1 # text = English has no special future ending on the verb, unlike Ukrainian or French; it uses helpers instead: "I will go", "I'm going to go", or even the present with a time word: "The train leaves at five". # source = school lesson (ours) # course = language # lesson = 008-tenses-past-present-future.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 5 det _ _ 4 special special ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _ 5 future future NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 6 ending end VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 5 acl _ _ 7 on on ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 verb verb NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 unlike unlike ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 Ukrainian Ukrainian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 appos _ _ 13 or or CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 conj _ _ 15 ; ; PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 16 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nsubj _ _ 17 uses use VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 18 helpers helper NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 obj _ _ 19 instead instead ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 20 : : PUNCT : _ 24 punct _ _ 21 " " PUNCT `` _ 24 punct _ _ 22 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 24 nsubj _ _ 23 will will AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 24 aux _ _ 24 go go VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 17 parataxis _ _ 25 " " PUNCT '' _ 24 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=24:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct 27 " " PUNCT `` _ 30 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 28 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 29 'm be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 aux _ _ 30 going go VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 24 conj _ _ 31 to to PART TO _ 32 mark _ _ 32 go go VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 30 xcomp _ _ 33 " " PUNCT '' _ 32 punct _ _ 34 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 35 or or CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 36 even even ADV RB _ 38 advmod _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 present present NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 obl _ _ 39 with with ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 40 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 41 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 42 compound _ _ 42 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 nmod _ _ 43 : : PUNCT : _ 47 punct _ _ 44 " " PUNCT `` _ 47 punct _ _ 45 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 46 det _ _ 46 train train NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 nsubj _ _ 47 leaves leave VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 42 acl:relcl _ _ 48 at at ADP IN _ 49 case _ _ 49 five five NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 47 obl _ _ 50 " " PUNCT '' _ 47 punct _ _ 51 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | English | no special future | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent future=Patient | | 2 | **end** | gerund | no special future *not said here* | | | the verb | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 3 | **use** | present | verb | helpers | | | | instead *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent helper=Theme clause=Eventuality | | 4 | **go** *in a quote* | future | I | | | | | | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **go** *in a quote* | present · progressive | I | | | | | | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 6 | **go** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | the present with a time word | | | | | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 7 | **leave** *in a quote* | present | the train | a time word *not said here* | | five | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent word=Theme at five=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:008-tenses-past-present-future.lesson:1`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Tenses: past, present and future, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/0/) - next →: [Tenses: past, present and future, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/2/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/)