---
title: Verbs change over time and between countries: Americans often say do… — Irregular verbs: goed, brung and other brave mis… · tree and pragmatics
description: Verbs change over time and between countries: Americans often say dove and snuck where British say dived and sneaked; and many dialects say "I seen him at the chippy", which is dialect, not stupidity. Who acts: Verbs, Americans, British, many dialects. A sentence of the lesson «Irregular verbs: goed
---

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# Irregular verbs: goed, brung and other brave mistakes, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Verbs change over time and between countries: Americans often say dove and snuck where British say dived and sneaked; and many dialects say "I seen him at the chippy", which is dialect, not stupidity.

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**Who acts:** Verbs, Americans, British, many dialects, chippy · **What happens:** change, say, dive, sneak, see, be · **To what, where:** dove, English, chippy, dialect · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Irregular verbs: goed, brung and other brave mistakes» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Verbs, Americans, British, many dialects), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:language:009-irregular-verbs-goed-brung-and-brave-mistakes.lesson:4
# text = Verbs change over time and between countries: Americans often say dove and snuck where British say dived and sneaked; and many dialects say "I seen him at the chippy", which is dialect, not stupidity.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = language
# lesson = 009-irregular-verbs-goed-brung-and-brave-mistakes.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Verbs	verb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	Americans	American	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	often	often	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
12	dove	dove	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	snuck	snuck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	18	advmod	_	_
16	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:nsubj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNPS:Number=Plur
17	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	_
18	dived	dive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	ccomp	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	sneaked	sneak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	_
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	dialects	dialect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
25	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
26	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	_
27	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	seen	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	ccomp	_	_
29	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	obj	_	_
30	at	at	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	chippy	chippy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
33	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	32	punct	_	_
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
35	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	37	nsubj	_	_
36	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	cop	_	_
37	dialect	dialect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	appos	_	_
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
39	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	40	advmod	_	_
40	stupidity	stupidity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	conj	_	_
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | Verbs |  |  |  | time |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Americans | dove and snuck |  |  |  | often *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent dove=Topic |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | British |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **dive** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 5 | **sneak** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | many dialects |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 7 | **see** *in a quote* | past | many dialects *= dialect* | English |  | the chippy |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |
| 8 | **is a** | present | the chippy | dialect and stupidity |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:language:009-irregular-verbs-goed-brung-and-brave-mistakes.lesson:4`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- next →: [Irregular verbs: goed, brung and other…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/9-irregular-verbs-goed-brung-and-brave-mistakes/5/)
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