---
title: Bacteria are single cells too small to see without a microscope, and… — Germs, the immune system and hand-washing · tree and pragmatics
description: Bacteria are single cells too small to see without a microscope, and viruses are smaller still. Who acts: Bacteria, viruses. A sentence of the lesson «Germs, the immune system and hand-washing» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every claus
---

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# Germs, the immune system and hand-washing, sentence 6

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Bacteria are single cells too small to see without a microscope, and viruses are smaller still.

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**Who acts:** Bacteria, viruses · **What happens:** be, see · **To what, where:** single cells

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Germs, the immune system and hand-washing» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bacteria, viruses), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:medicine:030-germs-the-immune-system-and-hand-washing.lesson:6
# text = Bacteria are single cells too small to see without a microscope, and viruses are smaller still.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = medicine
# lesson = 030-germs-the-immune-system-and-hand-washing.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	too	too	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
9	without	without	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
17	still	still	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Bacteria | single cells |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | Bacteria *not said here* |  |  |  |  | without a microscope | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is** | present | viruses |  |  |  | still | small *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:medicine:030-germs-the-immune-system-and-hand-washing.lesson:6`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- next →: [Germs, the immune system and hand-wash…, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/medicine/30-germs-the-immune-system-and-hand-washing/7/)
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