---
title: A shortage is not having enough of something; countries that depend… — Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries · tree and pragmatics
description: A shortage is not having enough of something; countries that depend on imports are hit hard when trade is cut off. Who acts: shortage, countries. A sentence of the lesson «Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries» of the money course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatic
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/37-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries/15/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Money](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/) / [Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/37-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries/) / 15

# Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries, sentence 15

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shortage is not having enough of something; countries that depend on imports are hit hard when trade is cut off.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** shortage, countries · **What happens:** not have, depend, hit, cut off · **To what, where:** enough, countries, trade

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries» of the money course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shortage, countries), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:money:037-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries.lesson:15
# text = A shortage is not having enough of something; countries that depend on imports are hit hard when trade is cut off.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = money
# lesson = 037-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shortage	shortage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obl	_	_
9	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	depend	depend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	imports	import	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	hit	hit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
17	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	16	advmod	_	_
18	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
19	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	advcl	_	_
22	off	off	ADP	RP	_	21	compound:prt	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **have** | present · progressive | a shortage | enough |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent enough=Patient |
| 2 | **depend** | present | countries |  |  |  |  | on imports | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent on import=Theme |
| 3 | **hit** | present · passive |  | countries |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme |
| 4 | **cut off** | present · passive |  | trade |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:money:037-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/37-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries/14/)
- next →: [Trade, tariffs, rich and poor countries, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/37-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries/16/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/37-trade-tariffs-rich-and-poor-countries/)