---
title: Long ago, in parts of Africa and Asia, small shiny cowrie shells wer… — Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, ph… · tree and pragmatics
description: Long ago, in parts of Africa and Asia, small shiny cowrie shells were used as money. A sentence of the lesson «Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones» of the money course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago, in parts of Africa and Asia, small shiny cowrie shells were used as money.

<!-- .vintro -->
**What happens:** use · **To what, where:** small shiny cowrie shells, parts

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Money's history: shells, coins, paper, cards, phones» of the money course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:money:005-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones.lesson:4
# text = Long ago, in parts of Africa and Asia, small shiny cowrie shells were used as money.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = money
# lesson = 005-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
11	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	cowrie	cowrie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past · passive |  | small shiny cowrie shells |  | parts of Africa and Asia |  | as money; ago *property* | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as money=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:money:005-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones.lesson:4`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Money's history: shells, coins, paper,…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/5-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones/2/)
- next →: [Money's history: shells, coins, paper,…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/5-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones/5/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/money/5-money-s-history-shells-coins-paper-cards-phones/)