--- title: Many gladiators were expensive trained fighters, and many fights did… — Ancient times and famous stories · tree and pragmatics description: Many gladiators were expensive trained fighters, and many fights did not end in death; nobody knows exactly which thumb signal the Romans used, and "thumbs down means kill" was made famous by a painting from 1872. Who acts: many fights, nobody, Romans, thumbs. A sentence of the lesson «Ancient times --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/21-ancient-times-and-famous-stories/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Myths](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/) / [Ancient times and famous stories](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/21-ancient-times-and-famous-stories/) / 7 # Ancient times and famous stories, sentence 7 Many gladiators were expensive trained fighters, and many fights did not end in death; nobody knows exactly which thumb signal the Romans used, and "thumbs down means kill" was made famous by a painting from 1872. **Who acts:** many fights, nobody, Romans, thumbs, painting · **What happens:** train, not end, know, use, mean, make · **To what, where:** Many gladiators, death, thumb signal, kill · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Ancient times and famous stories» of the myths course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many fights, nobody, Romans, thumbs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:myths:021-ancient-times-and-famous-stories.lesson:7 # text = Many gladiators were expensive trained fighters, and many fights did not end in death; nobody knows exactly which thumb signal the Romans used, and "thumbs down means kill" was made famous by a painting from 1872. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = myths # lesson = 021-ancient-times-and-famous-stories.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R6-punct-agree ×1 1 Many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 gladiators gladiator NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass _ _ 4 expensive expensive ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 5 trained train VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 6 fighters fighter NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obj _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 9 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod _ _ 10 fights fight NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 11 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux _ _ 12 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 13 advmod _ _ 13 end end VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 conj _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 death death NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 16 ; ; PUNCT : _ 18 punct _ _ 17 nobody nobody PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Neg 18 nsubj _ _ 18 knows know VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 19 exactly exactly ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:advmod 20 which which DET WDT PronType=Int 22 det _ _ 21 thumb thumb NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 compound _ _ 22 signal signal NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:obj 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 Romans Roman PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 25 nsubj _ _ 25 used use VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 18 ccomp _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=22:acl:relcl 26 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 27 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 28 " " PUNCT `` _ 29 punct _ _ 29 thumbs thumb NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj _ _ 30 down down ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 31 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 csubj:pass _ _ 32 kill kill NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 obj _ _ 33 " " PUNCT '' _ 32 punct _ _ 34 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 35 aux:pass _ _ 35 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 18 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:conj 36 famous famous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 xcomp _ _ 37 by by ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 38 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 painting painting NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 40 from from ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 41 1872 1872 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 39 nmod _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=5:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **train** | past · passive | | Many gladiators | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **not** **end** | past · do-support | many fights | | | death | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 3 | **know** | present | nobody | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | | 4 | **use** | past | the Romans | which thumb signal | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent signal=Patient | | 5 | **mean** *in a quote* | present | thumbs | kill | | | | down *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kill=Topic | | 6 | **make** | past · passive | a painting from 1872 | | | | | famous *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:myths:021-ancient-times-and-famous-stories.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Ancient times and famous stories, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/21-ancient-times-and-famous-stories/6/) - next →: [Ancient times and famous stories, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/21-ancient-times-and-famous-stories/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/myths/21-ancient-times-and-famous-stories/)