--- title: An echo is sound bouncing back off a hard, flat surface such as a cl… — What sound is: wobbles in the air · tree and pragmatics description: An echo is sound bouncing back off a hard, flat surface such as a cliff; the longer the echo takes to come back, the further away the cliff is. Who acts: echo, sound, cliff. A sentence of the lesson «What sound is: wobbles in the air» of the physics course of Mova's primary school with its dependenc --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/17-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Physics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/) / [What sound is: wobbles in the air](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/17-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air/) / 10 # What sound is: wobbles in the air, sentence 10 An echo is sound bouncing back off a hard, flat surface such as a cliff; the longer the echo takes to come back, the further away the cliff is. **Who acts:** echo, sound, cliff · **What happens:** be, bounce back, take, come back · **To what, where:** sound, hard flat surface This is a sentence of the lesson «What sound is: wobbles in the air» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (echo, sound, cliff), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:physics:017-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air.lesson:10 # text = An echo is sound bouncing back off a hard, flat surface such as a cliff; the longer the echo takes to come back, the further away the cliff is. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = physics # lesson = 017-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1 1 An a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 echo echo NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 4 sound sound NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 5 bouncing bounce VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 4 acl _ _ 6 back back ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 7 off off ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 8 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 9 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 11 flat flat ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _ 12 surface surface NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 13 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP 16 case _ _ 14 as as ADP IN _ 13 fixed _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 cliff cliff NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:obl 17 ; ; PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=4:punct 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 longer long ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 22 advmod _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 echo echo NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nsubj _ _ 22 takes take VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 23 to to PART TO _ 24 mark _ _ 24 come come VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 22 xcomp _ _ 25 back back ADV RB _ 24 advmod _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 further further ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 conj _ _ 29 away away ADV RB _ 28 advmod _ _ 30 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 31 cliff cliff NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ _ 32 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 cop _ _ 33 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a echo | sound | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **bounce back** | gerund | sound *not said here* | | | a hard flat surface such a cliff | | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme off surface=Trajectory | | 3 | **take** | present | the echo | | | | | long *property* | vn require-103 «NP V for NP S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Precondition | | 4 | **come back** | to-infinitive | the echo *not said here* | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **is** | present | the cliff | | | | | away, further *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:physics:017-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [What sound is: wobbles in the air, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/17-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air/9/) - next →: [What sound is: wobbles in the air, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/17-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/17-what-sound-is-wobbles-in-the-air/)