--- title: The foam in a bike helmet crushes in a crash and slows the head more… — Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely · tree and pragmatics description: The foam in a bike helmet crushes in a crash and slows the head more gently, so a helmet that has had a big knock should be replaced. Who acts: foam, helmet. A sentence of the lesson «Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely» of the physics course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree an --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/3-parachutes-and-falling-safely/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Physics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/) / [Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/3-parachutes-and-falling-safely/) / 14 # Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely, sentence 14 The foam in a bike helmet crushes in a crash and slows the head more gently, so a helmet that has had a big knock should be replaced. **Who acts:** foam, helmet · **What happens:** crush, slow, have, replace · **To what, where:** crash, head, big knock, helmet This is a sentence of the lesson «Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (foam, helmet), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:physics:003-parachutes-and-falling-safely.lesson:14 # text = The foam in a bike helmet crushes in a crash and slows the head more gently, so a helmet that has had a big knock should be replaced. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = physics # lesson = 003-parachutes-and-falling-safely.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 foam foam NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:nsubj 3 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 bike bike NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 6 helmet helmet NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _ 7 crushes crush VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:conj 8 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 crash crash NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 slows slow VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=0:root 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 head head NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obj _ _ 15 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 16 advmod _ _ 16 gently gently ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 18 so so ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 19 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 helmet helmet NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 nsubj:pass _ _ 21 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 23 nsubj _ _ 22 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 23 had have VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 20 acl:relcl _ _ 24 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 knock knock NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 27 should should AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 29 aux _ _ 28 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 29 aux:pass _ _ 29 replaced replace VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 12 parataxis _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=12:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **crush** | present | the foam in a bike helmet | | | a crash | | | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | | 2 | **slow** | present | the foam in a bike helmet *not said here* | the head | | | | gently *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent head=Patient | | 3 | **have** | present · perfect | a helmet | a big knock | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent knock=Patient | | 4 | **replace** | should · passive | | a helmet | | | | | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:physics:003-parachutes-and-falling-safely.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/3-parachutes-and-falling-safely/13/) - next →: [Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/3-parachutes-and-falling-safely/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/physics/3-parachutes-and-falling-safely/)