--- title: A refugee has fled war or danger, and asylum is protection given by… — Immigration and borders · tree and pragmatics description: A refugee has fled war or danger, and asylum is protection given by a country; after Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022, millions of Ukrainians fled abroad, and countries like the UK, Ireland and Canada set up special schemes. Who acts: refugee, asylum, countries, Russia. A sentence of the lesson --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Politics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/) / [Immigration and borders](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/) / 11 # Immigration and borders, sentence 11 A refugee has fled war or danger, and asylum is protection given by a country; after Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022, millions of Ukrainians fled abroad, and countries like the UK, Ireland and Canada set up special schemes. **Who acts:** refugee, asylum, countries, Russia · **What happens:** flee, be, give, set up, invade · **To what, where:** war, protection, Ukrainians, special schemes This is a sentence of the lesson «Immigration and borders» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (refugee, asylum, countries, Russia), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:politics:019-immigration-and-borders.lesson:11 # text = A refugee has fled war or danger, and asylum is protection given by a country; after Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022, millions of Ukrainians fled abroad, and countries like the UK, Ireland and Canada set up special schemes. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = politics # lesson = 019-immigration-and-borders.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 refugee refugee NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 3 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _ 4 fled flee VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _ 5 war war NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obj _ _ 6 or or CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 7 danger danger NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 conj _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 10 asylum asylum NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=12:compound 11 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _ 12 protection protection NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:obl 13 given give VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 12 acl _ _ 14 by by ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 country country NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT : _ 24 punct _ _ 18 after after ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 19 Russia Russia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 24 nmod:poss _ _ 20 's 's PART POS _ 19 case _ _ 21 full full ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 22 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 21 punct _ _ 23 scale scale NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 compound _ _ 24 invasion invasion NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 conj _ _ 25 in in ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 26 2022 2022 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 24 nmod _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 28 millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 appos _ _ 29 of of ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 Ukrainians ukrainian PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 28 nmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=28:conj 31 fled flee VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 30 acl _ _ 32 abroad abroad ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 35 countries country NOUN NNS Number=Plur 43 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:obj 36 like like ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 UK UK PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 nmod _ _ 39 , , PUNCT , _ 40 punct _ _ 40 Ireland Ireland PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 conj _ _ 41 and and CCONJ CC _ 42 cc _ _ 42 Canada Canada PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 conj _ _ 43 set set VERB VBD Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=35:acl:relcl 44 up up ADP RP _ 43 compound:prt _ _ 45 special special ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 46 amod _ _ 46 schemes scheme NOUN NNS Number=Plur 43 obj _ _ 47 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **flee** | present · perfect | a refugee | war or danger | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme war=Initial\_Location | | 2 | **is a** | present | asylum | protection | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **give** | participle | | protection *not said here* | | | | by a country | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **flee** | participle | | Ukrainians *not said here* | | | | abroad *property* | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **set up** | past | countries like the UK and Ireland and Canada | special schemes | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient scheme=Result | | 6 | **invade** | | Russia | | | | | | nom invasion «act transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:politics:019-immigration-and-borders.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Immigration and borders, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/10/) - next →: [Immigration and borders, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/)