--- title: People talk about it in their own words: a South African says "just… — Immigration and borders · tree and pragmatics description: People talk about it in their own words: a South African says "just now" for "later" and "lekker" for great, an Indian English speaker may say "prepone" (to move earlier, the opposite of postpone), an Aussie calls a petrol station a "servo", and an American teen says "no cap" for "no lie". Who acts: --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Politics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/) / [Immigration and borders](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/) / 8 # Immigration and borders, sentence 8 People talk about it in their own words: a South African says "just now" for "later" and "lekker" for great, an Indian English speaker may say "prepone" (to move earlier, the opposite of postpone), an Aussie calls a petrol station a "servo", and an American teen says "no cap" for "no lie". **Who acts:** People, South African, Indian English speaker, Aussie, American teen · **What happens:** talk, say, move, call, word · **To what, where:** own words, prepone, opposite, petrol station, cap · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Immigration and borders» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, South African, Indian English speaker, Aussie), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:politics:019-immigration-and-borders.lesson:8 # text = People talk about it in their own words: a South African says "just now" for "later" and "lekker" for great, an Indian English speaker may say "prepone" (to move earlier, the opposite of postpone), an Aussie calls a petrol station a "servo", and an American teen says "no cap" for "no lie". # source = school lesson (ours) # course = politics # lesson = 019-immigration-and-borders.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 People people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 talk talk VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 about about ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 4 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obl _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 6 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _ 7 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl _ _ 9 : : PUNCT : _ 13 punct _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 11 South South PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 compound _ _ 12 African African PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=13:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNP:Number=Sing 13 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 14 " " PUNCT `` _ 20 punct _ _ 15 just just ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:advmod 16 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 20 advmod _ _ 17 " " PUNCT '' _ 16 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=20:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 18 for for ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 " " PUNCT `` _ 20 punct _ _ 20 later late ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 13 advmod _ _ 21 " " PUNCT '' _ 20 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 23 " " PUNCT `` _ 24 punct _ _ 24 lekker lekker NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 conj _ _ 25 " " PUNCT '' _ 24 punct _ _ 26 for for ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 great great ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 nmod _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 29 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 30 Indian Indian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ _ 31 English English ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=32:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 32 speaker speaker NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 nsubj _ _ 33 may may AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 34 aux _ _ 34 say say VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 24 appos _ _ 35 " " PUNCT `` _ 36 punct _ _ 36 prepone prepone NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 obj _ _ 37 " " PUNCT '' _ 36 punct _ _ 38 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 40 punct _ _ 39 to to PART TO _ 40 mark _ _ 40 move move VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 34 conj _ _ 41 earlier early ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 40 advmod _ _ 42 , , PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 44 opposite opposite NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 obl _ _ 45 of of ADP IN _ 46 case _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=46:mark|HaikuPos=SCONJ:IN:_ 46 postpone postpone NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 nmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=44:acl:relcl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 47 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 46 punct _ _ 48 , , PUNCT , _ 51 punct _ _ 49 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 50 det _ _ 50 Aussie Aussie PROPN NNP Number=Sing 51 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=51:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 51 calls call VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 advcl _ _ 52 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 54 det _ _ 53 petrol petrol NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 compound _ _ 54 station station NOUN NN Number=Sing 51 obj _ _ 55 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 57 det _ _ 56 " " PUNCT `` _ 57 punct _ _ 57 servo servo NOUN NN Number=Sing 51 xcomp _ _ 58 " " PUNCT '' _ 57 punct _ _ 59 , , PUNCT , _ 64 punct _ _ 60 and and CCONJ CC _ 64 cc _ _ 61 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 63 det _ _ 62 American American ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 63 amod _ _ 63 teen teen NOUN NN Number=Sing 64 nsubj _ _ 64 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 parataxis _ _ 65 " " PUNCT `` _ 67 punct _ _ 66 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 67 det _ _ 67 cap cap NOUN NN Number=Sing 64 obj _ _ 68 " " PUNCT '' _ 67 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=72:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 69 for for ADP IN _ 72 case _ _ 70 " " PUNCT `` _ 72 punct _ _ 71 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 72 det _ _ 72 lie lie NOUN NN Number=Sing 67 obl _ _ 73 " " PUNCT '' _ 72 punct _ _ 74 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **talk** | present | People | | | People's own words | | about argument | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about it=Topic | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a South African | | | | | late *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | may | a Indian English speaker | prepone | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent prepone=Topic | | 4 | **move** | to-infinitive | a Indian English speaker *not said here* | the opposite of postpone | | | | early *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **call** | present | a Aussie | a petrol station | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent station=Recipient | | 6 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a American teen | no cap | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent cap=Topic | | 7 | **word** | | People | | | | | | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:politics:019-immigration-and-borders.lesson:8`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Immigration and borders, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/7/) - next →: [Immigration and borders, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/)