--- title: People pay smugglers to cross the English Channel in small, unsafe b… — Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps… · tree and pragmatics description: People pay smugglers to cross the English Channel in small, unsafe boats, and some have drowned; governments argue about how to stop the crossings and how to treat those who arrive. Who acts: People, some, governments. A sentence of the lesson «Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pu --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Politics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/) / [Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the w…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/) / 14 # Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes, sentence 14 People pay smugglers to cross the English Channel in small, unsafe boats, and some have drowned; governments argue about how to stop the crossings and how to treat those who arrive. **Who acts:** People, some, governments · **What happens:** pay, cross, drown, argue, stop, treat · **To what, where:** smugglers, English, crossings, those · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, some, governments), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:politics:030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson:14 # text = People pay smugglers to cross the English Channel in small, unsafe boats, and some have drowned; governments argue about how to stop the crossings and how to treat those who arrive. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = politics # lesson = 030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R5-strong ×1 1 People people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 pay pay VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 smugglers smuggler NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 cross cross VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 advcl _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:det 7 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 8 Channel Channel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 flat _ _ 9 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 10 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 12 unsafe unsafe ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 boats boat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=2:cc 16 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 18 nsubj _ _ 17 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux _ _ 18 drowned drown VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 conj _ _ 19 ; ; PUNCT : _ 21 punct _ _ 20 governments government NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nsubj _ _ 21 argue argue VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 22 about about SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 23 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 25 advmod _ _ 24 to to PART TO _ 25 mark _ _ 25 stop stop VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 21 ccomp _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 crossings crossing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 obj _ _ 28 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=25:cc 29 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 31 advmod _ _ 30 to to PART TO _ 31 mark _ _ 31 treat treat VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 25 conj _ _ 32 those that PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 31 obj _ _ 33 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 34 nsubj _ _ 34 arrive arrive VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 acl:relcl _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **pay** | present | People | smugglers | | | | | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smuggler=Asset | | 2 | **cross** | to-infinitive | People *not said here* | English | | | | in small unsafe boats | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent english=Patient in boat=Topic | | 3 | **drown** | present · perfect | some | | | | | | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | present | governments | | | | | | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 5 | **stop** | to-infinitive | | the crossings | | | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality crossing=Eventuality | | 6 | **treat** | to-infinitive | | those | | | | | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent that=Recipient | | 7 | **arrive** | present | | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:politics:030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the w…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/13/) - next →: [Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the w…, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/)