--- title: News reports said that in 2025 the US cut much of its foreign aid an… — Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps… · tree and pragmatics description: News reports said that in 2025 the US cut much of its foreign aid and the UK reduced its aid to spend more on defence; aid groups warned that programmes would close, and governments said the money was needed at home or for security. Who acts: News reports, US, UK, aid groups. A sentence of the lesso --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Politics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/) / [Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the w…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/) / 20 # Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes, sentence 20 News reports said that in 2025 the US cut much of its foreign aid and the UK reduced its aid to spend more on defence; aid groups warned that programmes would close, and governments said the money was needed at home or for security. **Who acts:** News reports, US, UK, aid groups, programmes, governments · **What happens:** say, cut, reduce, spend, warn, close · **To what, where:** much, 2025, aid, more, money, home · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the world helps and pushes» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (News reports, US, UK, aid groups), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:politics:030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson:20 # text = News reports said that in 2025 the US cut much of its foreign aid and the UK reduced its aid to spend more on defence; aid groups warned that programmes would close, and governments said the money was needed at home or for security. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = politics # lesson = 030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 News news NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 reports report NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 that that SCONJ IN _ 9 mark _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 2025 2025 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 9 obl _ _ 7 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 US US PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _ 9 cut cut VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 10 much much ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 obj _ _ 11 of of ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 12 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ _ 13 foreign foreign ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 aid aid NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 UK UK PROPN NNP Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ _ 18 reduced reduce VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 19 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ _ 20 aid aid NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obj _ _ 21 to to PART TO _ 22 mark _ _ 22 spend spend VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 18 xcomp _ _ 23 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 22 obj _ _ 24 on on ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 defence defence NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT : _ 29 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=3:punct 27 aid aid NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 compound _ _ 28 groups group NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 nsubj _ _ 29 warned warn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj 30 that that SCONJ IN _ 33 mark _ _ 31 programmes programme NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 nsubj _ _ 32 would would AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 33 aux _ _ 33 close close VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 29 ccomp _ _ 34 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 36 governments government NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 nsubj _ _ 37 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 money money NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 nsubj:pass _ _ 40 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 41 aux:pass _ _ 41 needed need VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 37 ccomp _ _ 42 at at ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 43 home home NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obl _ _ 44 or or CCONJ CC _ 46 cc _ _ 45 for for ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 46 security security NOUN NN Number=Sing 43 conj _ _ 47 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | News reports | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **cut** | past | the US | much | | 2025 | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Product | | 3 | **reduce** | past | the UK | crisis's aid | | | | | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Causer aid=Patient clause=Goal | | 4 | **spend** | to-infinitive | the UK *not said here* | more | | | | | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Asset | | 5 | **warn** *speech: warn* | past | aid groups | | | | | | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 6 | **close** | would | programmes | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 7 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | governments | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 8 | **need** | past · passive | | the money | | home or security | | | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:politics:030-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes.lesson:20`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the w…, 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/19/) - next →: [Refugees, aid and sanctions: how the w…, 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/21/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/30-refugees-aid-and-sanctions-how-the-world-helps-and-pushes/)