---
title: Cheating is breaking the rules in secret to gain an unfair advantage. — Cheating, rules and games · tree and pragmatics
description: Cheating is breaking the rules in secret to gain an unfair advantage. Who acts: Cheating. A sentence of the lesson «Cheating, rules and games» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Cheating, rules and games, sentence 5

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Cheating is breaking the rules in secret to gain an unfair advantage.

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**Who acts:** Cheating · **What happens:** break, gain · **To what, where:** rules, secret, unfair advantage

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Cheating, rules and games» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cheating), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:religion-ethics:044-cheating-rules-and-games.lesson:5
# text = Cheating is breaking the rules in secret to gain an unfair advantage.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = religion-ethics
# lesson = 044-cheating-rules-and-games.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	gain	gain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	advantage	advantage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: neg
- teacher: changed polarity=neg

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | present · progressive | Cheating | the rules |  | secret |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient |
| 2 | **gain** | to-infinitive | Cheating *not said here* | a unfair advantage |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent advantage=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:religion-ethics:044-cheating-rules-and-games.lesson:5`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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