--- title: Comets are dirty snowballs of ice, dust and rock a few kilometres ac… — Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and comets · tree and pragmatics description: Comets are dirty snowballs of ice, dust and rock a few kilometres across, which grow a glowing head and tails, often millions of kilometres long, when they come near the Sun and its heat turns their ice into gas and frees dust. Who acts: Comets, dirty snowballs, head, heat. A sentence of the lesson --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/15-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/15-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets/) / 12 # Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and comets, sentence 12 Comets are dirty snowballs of ice, dust and rock a few kilometres across, which grow a glowing head and tails, often millions of kilometres long, when they come near the Sun and its heat turns their ice into gas and frees dust. **Who acts:** Comets, dirty snowballs, head, heat, comet · **What happens:** be, grow, glow, come, turn, free · **To what, where:** dirty snowballs, glowing head, Sun, ice, gas, dust This is a sentence of the lesson «Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and comets» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Comets, dirty snowballs, head, heat), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:015-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets.lesson:12 # text = Comets are dirty snowballs of ice, dust and rock a few kilometres across, which grow a glowing head and tails, often millions of kilometres long, when they come near the Sun and its heat turns their ice into gas and frees dust. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 015-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2 1 Comets comet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 3 dirty dirty ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 snowballs snowball NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _ 8 dust dust NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 conj _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 conj _ _ 11 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 12 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 kilometres kilometre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 conj _ _ 14 across across ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 16 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 17 nsubj _ _ 17 grow grow VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 acl:relcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:acl:relcl 18 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 19 glowing glow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 20 amod _ _ 20 head head NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 22 tails tail NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 conj _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 24 often often ADV RB _ 25 advmod _ _ 25 millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ _ 26 of of ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 kilometres kilometre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 nmod _ _ 28 long long ADV RB Degree=Pos 17 advmod _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 30 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 32 advmod _ _ 31 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 nsubj _ _ 32 come come VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:advcl 33 near near ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 Sun Sun PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 obl _ _ 36 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 37 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 38 nmod:poss _ _ 38 heat heat NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 39 turns turn VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 conj _ _ 40 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 41 nmod:poss _ _ 41 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obj _ _ 42 into into ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 43 gas gas NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 44 and and CCONJ CC _ 45 cc _ _ 45 frees free VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 conj _ _ 46 dust dust NOUN NN _ 45 obj _ _ 47 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Comets | dirty snowballs and a few kilometres | | | | of ice and dust and rock | tree rules | | 2 | **grow** | present | dirty snowballs and a few kilometres | a glowing head and tails and millions of kilometres | | | | long *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location head=Theme | | 3 | **glow** | gerund | | | | | | | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **come** | present | head | | | the Sun | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near sun=Location | | 5 | **turn** | present | comet's heat | head's ice | | gas | | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent ice=Theme into gas=Trajectory | | 6 | **free** | present | comet's heat *not said here* | dust | | | | | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Causer dust=Source | | 7 | **heat** | | comet | | | | | | nom heat «phenomenon intransitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:015-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/15-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets/11/) - next →: [Pluto, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/15-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/15-pluto-the-kuiper-belt-the-oort-cloud-and-comets/)