--- title: Galaxies spin so fast that their visible stars and gas cannot hold t… — Galaxies and the Big Bang · tree and pragmatics description: Galaxies spin so fast that their visible stars and gas cannot hold them together, so astronomers think they contain invisible dark matter, about five times as much as ordinary matter. Who acts: Galaxies, visible stars, astronomers. A sentence of the lesson «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space co --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [Galaxies and the Big Bang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/) / 16 # Galaxies and the Big Bang, sentence 16 Galaxies spin so fast that their visible stars and gas cannot hold them together, so astronomers think they contain invisible dark matter, about five times as much as ordinary matter. **Who acts:** Galaxies, visible stars, astronomers · **What happens:** spin, not hold, think, contain · **To what, where:** galaxies, invisible dark matter · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Galaxies, visible stars, astronomers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:024-galaxies-and-the-big-bang.lesson:16 # text = Galaxies spin so fast that their visible stars and gas cannot hold them together, so astronomers think they contain invisible dark matter, about five times as much as ordinary matter. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 024-galaxies-and-the-big-bang.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change 1 Galaxies galaxy NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 spin spin VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 so so ADV RB _ 4 advmod _ _ 4 fast fast ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 5 that that SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ _ 6 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _ 7 visible visible ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 gas gas NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 conj _ _ 11 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 13 aux _ _ 12 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 13 advmod _ _ 13 hold hold VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 ccomp _ _ 14 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 obj _ _ 15 together together ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 17 so so ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _ 18 astronomers astronomer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ _ 19 think think VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 20 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj _ _ 21 contain contain VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 ccomp _ _ 22 invisible invisible ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 amod _ _ 23 dark dark ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 amod _ _ 24 matter matter NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obj _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 26 about about ADV RB _ 27 advmod _ _ 27 five five NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 28 nummod _ _ 28 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 conj _ _ 29 as as ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 30 much much ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 acl _ _ 31 as as ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 ordinary ordinary ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 33 amod _ _ 33 matter matter NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nmod _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **spin** | present | Galaxies | | | | | fast *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **not** **hold** | can | galaxies's visible stars and gas | galaxies *= galaxy* | | | | together *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 3 | **think** *speech: other* | present | astronomers | | | | | | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 4 | **contain** | present | galaxies *= galaxy* | invisible dark matter and five times | | | | | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot matter=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:024-galaxies-and-the-big-bang.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Galaxies and the Big Bang, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/15/) - next →: [Galaxies and the Big Bang, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/)