--- title: Black holes cannot be seen directly, so astronomers find them by the… — Black holes · tree and pragmatics description: Black holes cannot be seen directly, so astronomers find them by their effects: stars orbiting nothing visible, or hot gas glowing as it falls in. Who acts: astronomers, stars, hot gas, hole. A sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [Black holes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/) / 15 # Black holes, sentence 15 Black holes cannot be seen directly, so astronomers find them by their effects: stars orbiting nothing visible, or hot gas glowing as it falls in. **Who acts:** astronomers, stars, hot gas, hole, waves · **What happens:** not see, find, orbit, glow, fall in, effect · **To what, where:** Black holes, waves, nothing This is a sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (astronomers, stars, hot gas, hole), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:15 # text = Black holes cannot be seen directly, so astronomers find them by their effects: stars orbiting nothing visible, or hot gas glowing as it falls in. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 025-black-holes.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Black black ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 holes hole NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _ 4 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 6 advmod _ _ 5 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 6 aux:pass _ _ 6 seen see VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 7 directly directly ADV RB _ 6 advmod _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 9 so so ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ _ 10 astronomers astronomer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _ 11 find find VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:conj 12 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 obj _ _ 13 by by ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ _ 15 effects effect NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl _ _ 16 : : PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 17 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 appos _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=15:conj 18 orbiting orbit VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 17 acl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:acl 19 nothing nothing PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Neg 18 obj _ _ 20 visible visible ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 amod _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 22 or or CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 23 hot hot ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 amod _ _ 24 gas gas NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 25 glowing glow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 24 acl _ _ 26 as as SCONJ IN _ 28 mark _ _ 27 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 nsubj _ _ 28 falls fall VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 advcl _ _ 29 in in ADV RB _ 28 advmod _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **see** | can · passive | | Black holes | | | | directly *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | | 2 | **find** | present | astronomers | waves *= wave* | | | | by waves's effects | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Topic | | 3 | **orbit** | gerund | stars or hot gas *not said here* | nothing | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **glow** | gerund | hot gas *not said here* | | | | | | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **fall in** | present | hole | | | | | | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **effect** | | waves *= wave* | | | | | | nom effect «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Black holes, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/14/) - next →: [Black holes, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/25-black-holes/)