---
title: In 1974 Stephen Hawking calculated that black holes should slowly le… — Black holes · tree and pragmatics
description: In 1974 Stephen Hawking calculated that black holes should slowly leak tiny amounts of energy and, over unimaginably long times, evaporate. Who acts: Stephen, black holes. A sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics 
---

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# Black holes, sentence 17

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In 1974 Stephen Hawking calculated that black holes should slowly leak tiny amounts of energy and, over unimaginably long times, evaporate.

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**Who acts:** Stephen, black holes · **What happens:** calculate, leak, evaporate, amount · **To what, where:** 1974, tiny amounts, energy

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stephen, black holes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:17
# text = In 1974 Stephen Hawking calculated that black holes should slowly leak tiny amounts of energy and, over unimaginably long times, evaporate.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = space
# lesson = 025-black-holes.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1974	1974	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	obl	_	_
3	Stephen	Stephen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	Hawking	Hawking	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
5	calculated	calculate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
7	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
9	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	leak	leak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
12	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	amounts	amount	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	energy	energy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
18	over	over	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=21:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_
19	unimaginably	unimaginably	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl:unmarked	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	evaporate	evaporate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calculate** | past | Stephen |  |  | 1974 |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **leak** | should | black holes | tiny amounts of energy |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location amount=Source |
| 3 | **evaporate** | infinitive | black holes *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **amount** |  |  | energy |  |  |  |  | nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:17`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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